Low-cost chest paediatric phantom for dose optimisation: construction and validation

Abstract

Introduction and objectives

In order to perform chest dose optimisation studies, the imaging phantom should be adequate for image quality evaluation. Since high-end phantoms are cost prohibitive, there is a need for a low-cost construction method with fairly available tissue substitutes.

Materials and methods

Theoretical calculations of radiological characteristics were performed for each of lung, cortical bone and soft tissues in order to choose appropriate substitute, then, cork, P.V.C. (Polyvinyl chloride) and water were chosen, respectively. Validation included, firstly, measuring CT Hounsfield Units (HU) of a real patient’s tissues then compared against their corresponding anatomies in the constructed phantom. Secondly, Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values were acquired in this study to evaluate the quality of images generated from the constructed phantom, then, compare their trends with a valid phantom under different exposure parameters (kVp and mAs).

Results

From theoretical calculations, the percentage differences showed high accuracy of tissue substitutes when simulating real patient tissues; P.V.C. was ≥5.78%, cork was ≥4.46% and water ≥5%. The percentage difference (CT HU) between lung and cortical bone and their equivalent tissue substitutes were 10.44% and 0.53%–3.17%, respectively. Strong positive correlations were found for SNR when changing both kVp (0.79) and mAs (0.65). While the correlation strength of CNR values were found to be moderate when changing both kVp (0.58) and mAs (0.53).

Conclusions

Our low-cost phantom approved through CT HU that their materials replicate the radiological characteristics of real one-year-old child while SNR and SNR correlations confirmed its applicability in imaging and optimisation studies.