Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.05.004
E. Alvarez-Hornia Pérez , C. Carnelli , P.A. Gutierrez , R. González Sánchez , J. Mesa Quesada
Contrast media (CM) were first used soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. Ever since, continuous technological development and pharmaceutical research has led to tremendous progress in radiology, more available techniques and contrast media, and expanded knowledge around their indications.
A greater prevalence of chronic diseases, population ageing, and the rise in diagnosis and survival times among cancer patients have resulted in a growing demand for diagnostic imaging and an increased consumption of CM.
This article presents the main lines of research in CM development which seek to minimise toxicity and maximise efficacy, opening up new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities through new molecules or nanomedicine. The sector, which is continuously evolving, faces challenges such as shortages and the need for more equitable and sustainable practices.
造影剂（CM）是在 1895 年发现 X 射线后不久开始使用的。自那时起，不断的技术发展和药物研究带来了放射学的巨大进步、更多可用的技术和造影剂，以及有关其适应症的更多知识。慢性疾病的流行、人口老龄化以及癌症患者诊断和存活时间的增加导致了对诊断成像的需求不断增长，造影剂的消耗量也随之增加。本文介绍了造影剂开发的主要研究方向，这些方向旨在通过新分子或纳米医学将毒性降至最低并将疗效最大化，从而开辟新的诊断和治疗可能性。该行业在不断发展的同时也面临着各种挑战，如短缺以及需要更加公平和可持续的做法。
{"title":"Future challenges of contrast media in radiology","authors":"E. Alvarez-Hornia Pérez , C. Carnelli , P.A. Gutierrez , R. González Sánchez , J. Mesa Quesada","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contrast media (CM) were first used soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. Ever since, continuous technological development and pharmaceutical research has led to tremendous progress in radiology, more available techniques and contrast media, and expanded knowledge around their indications.</div><div>A greater prevalence of chronic diseases, population ageing, and the rise in diagnosis and survival times among cancer patients have resulted in a growing demand for diagnostic imaging and an increased consumption of CM.</div><div>This article presents the main lines of research in CM development which seek to minimise toxicity and maximise efficacy, opening up new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities through new molecules or nanomedicine. The sector, which is continuously evolving, faces challenges such as shortages and the need for more equitable and sustainable practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S132-S141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.02.003
C. Sebastià , S. Falip , R. Crespo , E. Guillen , C. Nicolau , E. Poch , L. Oleaga
The incidence of post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) is low with the new low- or iso-osmolar non-ionic iodinated contrast agents. The only proven form of prophylaxis for PC-AKI is hydration, preferably intravenous, although oral hydration is equally effective. In this article we define PC-AKI and its risk factors, propose a prophylaxis protocol and respond to the most common doubts that arise around prophylaxis. We also update the fasting guidelines to be followed prior to contrast testing. In general, fasting of solids is not necessary before injecting iodinated contrast or gadolinium except in tests in which it is necessary to specifically study the upper digestive tract and bile duct. Even in these cases, fasting clear liquids is not required, which is of great help for oral hydration and for reducing the incidence of PC-AKI.
{"title":"Nephroprotection and iodinate contrast medias","authors":"C. Sebastià , S. Falip , R. Crespo , E. Guillen , C. Nicolau , E. Poch , L. Oleaga","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) is low with the new low- or iso-osmolar non-ionic iodinated contrast agents. The only proven form of prophylaxis for PC-AKI is hydration, preferably intravenous, although oral hydration is equally effective. In this article we define PC-AKI and its risk factors, propose a prophylaxis protocol and respond to the most common doubts that arise around prophylaxis. We also update the fasting guidelines to be followed prior to contrast testing. In general, fasting of solids is not necessary before injecting iodinated contrast or gadolinium except in tests in which it is necessary to specifically study the upper digestive tract and bile duct. Even in these cases, fasting clear liquids is not required, which is of great help for oral hydration and for reducing the incidence of PC-AKI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S118-S123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.002
A. Álvarez-Cofiño Tuñón, M. da Silva Torres, A. Fernández del Valle, P. Noriega Menéndez, R. Menéndez de Llano Ortega, P. González Filgueira
Magnetic resonance enterography is primarily indicated for inflammatory bowel diseases. The study of the gastrointestinal tract using MRI has become feasible due to the emergence of ultrafast sequences with higher spatial resolution and phased-array coils enabling wider fields of view. However, to ensure the quality of the examination, it is essential to have prior preparation with oral or rectal contrast to distend the lumen and improve the definition of the intestinal wall. These contrast agents can be positive, negative or biphasic, depending on the signal intensity they induce in the intestinal lumen. Most commonly used biphasic contrasts agents behave as hyperintense in T2 and hypointense in T1. Achieving a “black” intestinal lumen in 3D T1-weighted sequences with intravenous contrast injection is crucial for mucosal assessment and parietal enhancement. Although more cost-effective and accessible, biphasic agents like PEG and mannitol are relatively discomforting for patients. While negative agents are preferred, they are currently unavailable. The purpose of this article is to review the different types of contrast agents mentioned in the literature and their application in intestinal resonance, analyzing the effects they generate on the image, their possible indications and associated limitations.
{"title":"Contrast agents for MR enterography","authors":"A. Álvarez-Cofiño Tuñón, M. da Silva Torres, A. Fernández del Valle, P. Noriega Menéndez, R. Menéndez de Llano Ortega, P. González Filgueira","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic resonance enterography is primarily indicated for inflammatory bowel diseases. The study of the gastrointestinal tract using MRI has become feasible due to the emergence of ultrafast sequences with higher spatial resolution and phased-array coils enabling wider fields of view. However, to ensure the quality of the examination, it is essential to have prior preparation with oral or rectal contrast to distend the lumen and improve the definition of the intestinal wall. These contrast agents can be positive, negative or biphasic, depending on the signal intensity they induce in the intestinal lumen. Most commonly used biphasic contrasts agents behave as hyperintense in T2 and hypointense in T1. Achieving a “black” intestinal lumen in 3D T1-weighted sequences with intravenous contrast injection is crucial for mucosal assessment and parietal enhancement. Although more cost-effective and accessible, biphasic agents like PEG and mannitol are relatively discomforting for patients. While negative agents are preferred, they are currently unavailable. The purpose of this article is to review the different types of contrast agents mentioned in the literature and their application in intestinal resonance, analyzing the effects they generate on the image, their possible indications and associated limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S89-S97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.004
R. Soler-Fernández, C. Méndez-Díaz, E. Rodríguez-García
Extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because they increase the detection of alterations, improve tissue characterisation and enable a more precise differential diagnosis. GBCAs are considered to be safe but they are not risk-free. When using GBCAs, it is important to be aware of the risks and to know how to react in different situations (pregnancy, breastfeeding, kidney failure) including if complications occur (extravasations, adverse, allergic or anaphylactic reactions). The article describes the characteristics of the gadolinium molecule, the differences in the biochemical structure of these GBCA, their biodistribution and the effect on the MRI signal. It also reviews safety aspects and the most common clinical applications.
{"title":"Extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents","authors":"R. Soler-Fernández, C. Méndez-Díaz, E. Rodríguez-García","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because they increase the detection of alterations, improve tissue characterisation and enable a more precise differential diagnosis. GBCAs are considered to be safe but they are not risk-free. When using GBCAs, it is important to be aware of the risks and to know how to react in different situations (pregnancy, breastfeeding, kidney failure) including if complications occur (extravasations, adverse, allergic or anaphylactic reactions). The article describes the characteristics of the gadolinium molecule, the differences in the biochemical structure of these GBCA, their biodistribution and the effect on the MRI signal. It also reviews safety aspects and the most common clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S51-S64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.003
M.T. Fontanilla Echeveste , T. Ripollés González , E. Aguirre Pascual
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a medical imaging technique that offers multiple advantages over other modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These advantages include portability, no ionising radiation and no renal toxicity, with the great advantage of real-time imaging. CEUS has numerous established applications for the study of different pathologies, both intravenous and intracavitary administration. The contrast used is different in composition and function from CT or MRI contrast. It is a purely intravascular contrast and, therefore, the enhancement of the lesions may have some differences with respect to CT or MRI in the equilibrium phase. Ultrasound contrast has a very good safety profile, with infrequent, generally mild and immediate adverse reactions in intravascular use and no adverse reactions reported in intracavitary use. It is important to know the basics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the different ways to optimise the image and the different artefacts.
{"title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound fundamentals: the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of contrast. Basics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging","authors":"M.T. Fontanilla Echeveste , T. Ripollés González , E. Aguirre Pascual","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a medical imaging technique that offers multiple advantages over other modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These advantages include portability, no ionising radiation and no renal toxicity, with the great advantage of real-time imaging. CEUS has numerous established applications for the study of different pathologies, both intravenous and intracavitary administration. The contrast used is different in composition and function from CT or MRI contrast. It is a purely intravascular contrast and, therefore, the enhancement of the lesions may have some differences with respect to CT or MRI in the equilibrium phase. Ultrasound contrast has a very good safety profile, with infrequent, generally mild and immediate adverse reactions in intravascular use and no adverse reactions reported in intracavitary use. It is important to know the basics of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the different ways to optimise the image and the different artefacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S36-S50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.03.010
J. Cobos Alonso , C. Fontenla-Martínez , L. Concepción Aramendía , J.M. Bernabé García , J.J. Arenas-Jiménez
Iodinated contrast media enable greater attenuation of vascular and visceral structures in radiological studies and are widely used due to their high degree of safety, easy administration, acceptable level of tolerance, wide distribution and rapid excretion, qualities determined by their composition.
Automated power injectors are used to administer contrast media. Once injected, contrast is distributed throughout the body, remaining in the intravascular space during its first passage before reaching the organs and spreading into the extracellular interstitial space, followed by a recirculation phenomenon.
In CT studies, the level of contrast enhancement obtained is determined by multiple factors including patient-related factors, contrast medium characteristics, method of administration, equipment and technique. Different methods are available for determining the scan timing depending on the aim of the exploration.
{"title":"Introduction to iodinated contrasts: Properties, intravenous administration and distribution throughout the body","authors":"J. Cobos Alonso , C. Fontenla-Martínez , L. Concepción Aramendía , J.M. Bernabé García , J.J. Arenas-Jiménez","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iodinated contrast media enable greater attenuation of vascular and visceral structures in radiological studies and are widely used due to their high degree of safety, easy administration, acceptable level of tolerance, wide distribution and rapid excretion, qualities determined by their composition.</div><div>Automated power injectors are used to administer contrast media. Once injected, contrast is distributed throughout the body, remaining in the intravascular space during its first passage before reaching the organs and spreading into the extracellular interstitial space, followed by a recirculation phenomenon.</div><div>In CT studies, the level of contrast enhancement obtained is determined by multiple factors including patient-related factors, contrast medium characteristics, method of administration, equipment and technique. Different methods are available for determining the scan timing depending on the aim of the exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S3-S14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.004
A. Mesa Álvarez , J. Encinas de la Iglesia
{"title":"Introduction to supplement: \"Update to contrast media use and good practice\"","authors":"A. Mesa Álvarez , J. Encinas de la Iglesia","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S1-S2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.002
S. Falip , N. García Argüelles , R. Crespo , C. Jurado , L. Oleaga , C. Sebastià
In diagnostic imaging departments, there has been a technological evolution in recent years. Progress made in interventional processes and the development of new treatments, as well as an increase in the number of diagnostic and therapeutic tests, has generated a growing and exponential need for specific care. Furthermore, the people who come to these departments are often in a vulnerable state and out of their comfort zone.
The implementation of advanced practice nursing (APN) in the context of metabolic therapies and diagnostic imaging provides expert care with a holistic approach to patient care. It uses the nursing care process as a working method which, through research, logical analysis and critical reasoning, enables nursing care to be developed and applied. This approach contributes to safety management in the different processes in which it is engaged.
The aim of this article is to highlight the interventions in which nursing practice can contribute to contrast media safety management in a diagnostic imaging department.
{"title":"Nursing practice and advanced practice nurses in contrast media safety management","authors":"S. Falip , N. García Argüelles , R. Crespo , C. Jurado , L. Oleaga , C. Sebastià","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In diagnostic imaging departments, there has been a technological evolution in recent years. Progress made in interventional processes and the development of new treatments, as well as an increase in the number of diagnostic and therapeutic tests, has generated a growing and exponential need for specific care. Furthermore, the people who come to these departments are often in a vulnerable state and out of their comfort zone.</div><div>The implementation of advanced practice nursing (APN) in the context of metabolic therapies and diagnostic imaging provides expert care with a holistic approach to patient care. It uses the nursing care process as a working method which, through research, logical analysis and critical reasoning, enables nursing care to be developed and applied. This approach contributes to safety management in the different processes in which it is engaged.</div><div>The aim of this article is to highlight the interventions in which nursing practice can contribute to contrast media safety management in a diagnostic imaging department.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S110-S117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.11.001
C. Casillas Meléndez
The use of extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents provides valuable information in magnetic resonance studies, thus increasing diagnostic confidence. These contrast agents make it easier to detect and define injuries, and narrow down the differential diagnosis. They are indicated for several different reasons, both for diagnostic purposes and for evaluating the response to treatment. Morphological analysis can assess the type of uptake, the qualitative and semiquantitative study of the signal intensity vs time curves in multiphase sequences, and the quantitative analysis of the uptake with T1 or T2* perfusion studies associated with pharmacokinetic models.
Multiphase dynamic studies with 3D sequences contain valuable information that is not exploited by a simple visual analysis of 2D images. To take advantage of this information and the imaging biomarkers provided, computational analysis should be used. To this end, the future role of artificial intelligence is increasingly evident.
{"title":"Ways of analysing extracellular gadolinium enhancement","authors":"C. Casillas Meléndez","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents provides valuable information in magnetic resonance studies, thus increasing diagnostic confidence. These contrast agents make it easier to detect and define injuries, and narrow down the differential diagnosis. They are indicated for several different reasons, both for diagnostic purposes and for evaluating the response to treatment. Morphological analysis can assess the type of uptake, the qualitative and semiquantitative study of the signal intensity vs time curves in multiphase sequences, and the quantitative analysis of the uptake with T1 or T2* perfusion studies associated with pharmacokinetic models.</div><div>Multiphase dynamic studies with 3D sequences contain valuable information that is not exploited by a simple visual analysis of 2D images. To take advantage of this information and the imaging biomarkers provided, computational analysis should be used. To this end, the future role of artificial intelligence is increasingly evident.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S65-S74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.05.002
A. Perez-Girbes , J.M. Lee , L. Martí-Bonmatí
The use of hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents in liver MRI is a crucial diagnostic tool for evaluating liver disease, enabling the detection and characterisation of focal lesions and vascular alterations, as well as the assessment and grading of chronic hepatopathy. Paramagnetic hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents are gadolinium-based, partially taken up by hepatocytes, and excreted via both renal and biliary pathways. There are two linear ionic molecules that are currently commercially available: gadobenic acid (Gd-BOPTA) and gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA). Their main clinical indications include distinguishing and characterising focal liver lesions on healthy liver tissue, diagnosing and staging hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatopathy, and increasing reliability in the detection of hepatic metastases in oncology patients, especially prior to surgery. They are also useful in the evaluation of the biliary tract and in assessing complications of hepatic surgery such as bile leaks.
{"title":"Hepatobiliary contrast agents for Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"A. Perez-Girbes , J.M. Lee , L. Martí-Bonmatí","doi":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents in liver MRI is a crucial diagnostic tool for evaluating liver disease, enabling the detection and characterisation of focal lesions and vascular alterations, as well as the assessment and grading of chronic hepatopathy. Paramagnetic hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents are gadolinium-based, partially taken up by hepatocytes, and excreted via both renal and biliary pathways. There are two linear ionic molecules that are currently commercially available: gadobenic acid (Gd-BOPTA) and gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA). Their main clinical indications include distinguishing and characterising focal liver lesions on healthy liver tissue, diagnosing and staging hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatopathy, and increasing reliability in the detection of hepatic metastases in oncology patients, especially prior to surgery. They are also useful in the evaluation of the biliary tract and in assessing complications of hepatic surgery such as bile leaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94185,"journal":{"name":"Radiologia","volume":"66 ","pages":"Pages S75-S88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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