Francesco Zamboni, Pietro Ferrari, Lucia Cazzoletti, Angela Setti, Francesco Bertoldo, Luca G Dalle Carbonare, Elisa Danese, Stefano Tardivo, Ernesto Crisafulli, Marcello Ferrari
{"title":"Bone Mineral Density in Mountain, Road Cyclists and Untrained Controls: Exercise, Diet and Hormones.","authors":"Francesco Zamboni, Pietro Ferrari, Lucia Cazzoletti, Angela Setti, Francesco Bertoldo, Luca G Dalle Carbonare, Elisa Danese, Stefano Tardivo, Ernesto Crisafulli, Marcello Ferrari","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2242417","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: The aim of the study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine (LS<sub>BMD</sub>) and the femoral neck (F<sub>BMD</sub>) in male road cyclists (RC <i>n</i> = 39), mountain cyclists (MC <i>n</i> = 30) and controls (C <i>n</i> = 27) and to determine the factors associated with BMD in the same group of participants. <b>Methods</b>: BMD, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured using DXA. Calcium intake (Cal), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and energy availability (EA) were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Samples for circulating hormones were also obtained. VO<sub>2max</sub> was estimated by a cycloergometric test. <b>Results</b>: After adjustment for body mass, in cyclists LS<sub>BMD</sub> (RC 0.98 ± 0.12; MC 0.98 ± 0.10 g/cm<sup>2</sup>) was significantly lower than in C (1.11 ± 0.10; <i>p</i> < .001), while F<sub>BMD</sub> resulted in no significant difference in cyclists compared to C (<i>p</i> = 0.213). EA (kcal/FFM/day) was different in cyclists and in C (<i>p</i> < .05). In C, EEE and EA were positively associated with LS<sub>BMD</sub> (<i>R</i> = 0.561, <i>R</i> = 0.656, respectively, <i>p</i> < .01), whereas only EA was associated with F<sub>BMD</sub> (<i>R</i> = 0.554, <i>p</i> < .05); a positive association between EA and F<sub>BMD</sub> was found in MC (<i>R</i> = 0.464, <i>p</i> < .05). A negative relationship between VO<sub>2max</sub> and LS<sub>BMD</sub> in RC (<i>R</i> = -0.418, <i>p</i> < .05) and a positive one between EEE and LS<sub>BMD</sub> in MC were found (<i>R</i> = 0.605, <i>p</i> < .001). CaI, free testosterone and cortisol were unrelated to BMD. <b>Conclusion</b>: Both the RC and MC had lower LS<sub>BMD</sub> than C, whereas no difference was found between the two groups of cyclists. The factors associated with BMD are manifold, vary in relation to the measurement site and are likely different in RC, MC and C.</p>","PeriodicalId":54491,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2242417","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/8/4 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and the femoral neck (FBMD) in male road cyclists (RC n = 39), mountain cyclists (MC n = 30) and controls (C n = 27) and to determine the factors associated with BMD in the same group of participants. Methods: BMD, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured using DXA. Calcium intake (Cal), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and energy availability (EA) were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Samples for circulating hormones were also obtained. VO2max was estimated by a cycloergometric test. Results: After adjustment for body mass, in cyclists LSBMD (RC 0.98 ± 0.12; MC 0.98 ± 0.10 g/cm2) was significantly lower than in C (1.11 ± 0.10; p < .001), while FBMD resulted in no significant difference in cyclists compared to C (p = 0.213). EA (kcal/FFM/day) was different in cyclists and in C (p < .05). In C, EEE and EA were positively associated with LSBMD (R = 0.561, R = 0.656, respectively, p < .01), whereas only EA was associated with FBMD (R = 0.554, p < .05); a positive association between EA and FBMD was found in MC (R = 0.464, p < .05). A negative relationship between VO2max and LSBMD in RC (R = -0.418, p < .05) and a positive one between EEE and LSBMD in MC were found (R = 0.605, p < .001). CaI, free testosterone and cortisol were unrelated to BMD. Conclusion: Both the RC and MC had lower LSBMD than C, whereas no difference was found between the two groups of cyclists. The factors associated with BMD are manifold, vary in relation to the measurement site and are likely different in RC, MC and C.
期刊介绍：
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport publishes research in the art and science of human movement that contributes significantly to the knowledge base of the field as new information, reviews, substantiation or contradiction of previous findings, development of theory, or as application of new or improved techniques. The goals of RQES are to provide a scholarly outlet for knowledge that: (a) contributes to the study of human movement, particularly its cross-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature; (b) impacts theory and practice regarding human movement; (c) stimulates research about human movement; and (d) provides theoretical reviews and tutorials related to the study of human movement. The editorial board, associate editors, and external reviewers assist the editor-in-chief. Qualified reviewers in the appropriate subdisciplines review manuscripts deemed suitable. Authors are usually advised of the decision on their papers within 75–90 days.
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
分享
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
扫码关注我们
