When time shifts the boundaries: Isolating the role of forgetting in children’s changing category representations

Abstract

In studies of children’s categorization, researchers have typically studied how encoding characteristics of exemplars contribute to children’s generalization. However, it is unclear whether children’s internal cognitive processes alone, independent of new information, may also influence their generalization. Thus, we examined the role that one cognitive process, forgetting, plays in shaping children’s category representations by conducting three experiments. In the first two experiments, participants (N_Exp1 = 37, M_age = 4.02 years; N_Exp2 = 32, M_age = 4.48 years) saw a novel object labeled by the experimenter and then saw five new objects with between one and five features changed from the learned exemplar. The experimenter asked whether each object was a member of the same category as the exemplar; children saw the five new objects either immediately or after a 5-minute delay. Children endorsed category membership at higher rates at immediate test than at delayed test, suggesting that children’s category representations became narrower over time. In Experiment 3, we investigated forgetting as a key mechanism underlying the narrowing found in Experiments 1 and 2. We showed participants (N_Exp3 = 34, M_age = 4.20 years) the same exemplars used in Experiments 1 and 2; then, either immediately or after a 5-minute delay, we showed children seven individual object features and asked if each one had been part of the exemplar. Children’s accuracy was lower after the delay, showing that they did indeed forget individual features. Taken together, these results show that forgetting plays an important role in changing children’s newly-learned categories over time.