Journal of memory and language最新文献

What roles do constituents play in the identification of Chinese compound words? A meta-analytic review 成分在汉语复合词识别中起什么作用？元分析综述

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104743

Qiwei Zhang , Junhui Wu , Erik D. Reichle , Xingshan Li

Because compound words comprised of two (or more) constituents make up the majority of Chinese vocabulary, understanding how they are processed and identified is critical for understanding the mechanisms that support the reading of Chinese. This meta-analytic review thus investigated whether Chinese compound words are processed and identified in a compositional versus holistic manner. Our meta-analysis includes 268 constituent effect sizes derived from 81 studies involving 5,911 participants. Overall, we found a statistically significant, albeit small, constituent effect (Hedges’ g_rm = 0.22, 95% CI [0.18, 0.25]). The magnitude of this effect varied across study designs, being significantly larger when words were presented in isolation than within sentences, and in studies using preview methods rather than natural reading. Consistent with compositional processing, evidence from both behavioral and neurophysiological experiments also suggested that constituent effects occurred at the orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing levels. These findings highlight the significant role of constituents in Chinese compound-word identification, encompassing both form and semantics. Finally, although these discoveries have significant implications for existing and future models of Chinese reading, we should warn the readers that the average effect sizes should be interpreted with caution. The present study showed substantial heterogeneity, which calls for future studies to understand the underlying reasons for the variabilities across studies.

Public Significance Statement

This meta-analysis suggests that, in Chinese reading, individual constituents of compound words have a small but significant facilitative effect on their orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing across different word presentation methods and tasks. These findings are important for understanding how compound words are processed and identified in Chinese but also shed light on the universal mechanisms of compound-word processing across languages. These findings also suggest that the unique properties of a language’s script influence the cognitive mechanisms that support word identification. In the future, the findings from this study may help improve the efficiency of Chinese language instruction.

由于汉语词汇的大部分是由两种（或两种以上）成分组成的复合词，了解它们是如何被加工和识别的，对于理解支持汉语阅读的机制至关重要。这篇元分析综述探讨了汉语复合词的加工和识别方式是整体方式还是组合方式。我们的荟萃分析包括来自81项涉及5,911名参与者的研究的268个成分效应量。总体而言，我们发现了统计学上显著的成分效应（Hedges的grm = 0.22, 95% CI[0.18, 0.25]）。这种影响的程度在不同的研究设计中有所不同，当单词单独呈现时比在句子中呈现时明显更大，并且在使用预览方法而不是自然阅读的研究中。与构成加工一致，来自行为和神经生理实验的证据也表明，构成效应发生在正字法、语音和语义加工水平。这些发现强调了成分在汉语复合词识别中的重要作用，包括形式和语义。最后，尽管这些发现对现有和未来的中文阅读模型具有重要意义，但我们应该提醒读者，在解释平均效应量时应谨慎。目前的研究显示了大量的异质性，这需要未来的研究来了解研究差异的潜在原因。公共意义声明本荟萃分析表明，在汉语阅读中，复合词的个别成分在不同的单词呈现方式和任务中对其正字法、语音和语义加工具有虽小但显著的促进作用。这些发现对于理解汉语复合词的加工和识别过程具有重要意义，同时也揭示了跨语言复合词加工的普遍机制。这些发现还表明，语言文字的独特属性影响了支持单词识别的认知机制。在未来，本研究的发现可能有助于提高语文教学的效率。

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引用次数: 0

The semantics behind the inference: How first language quantifier systems shape scalar reasoning in second language learners 推理背后的语义：第一语言量词系统如何塑造第二语言学习者的标量推理

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104727

Glenn Starr , Greta Mazzaggio

This study investigates how L1-Japanese learners of English pragmatically enrich quantifiers in the L2, focusing on the role of L1 semantics, lexical competition, and contextual informativeness. Our central aim was to chart cross-linguistic and interlanguage differences in the underlying quantifier systems of English and Japanese, and to assess how these shape the lower and upper semantic thresholds of scalar terms like some. Using the gumball paradigm developed within a Constraint-Based framework, we elicited gradient naturalness judgments across two experiments to map how some is distributed over fine-grained numerosity continua. In unpressured contexts with limited competitors (Experiment 1), L2 learners patterned closely with native English speakers in their interpretations of some, suggesting emerging target-like intuitions. However, when the lexical alternatives a few and most were introduced alongside some (Experiment 2), systematic L1-based transfer effects emerged: learners interpreted a few and most in line with their Japanese counterparts (sukoshi, hotondo), displaying narrower or delayed acceptability ranges. These transfer patterns disrupted scalar coordination, resulting in an expanded acceptability window for some and a unique scalar reasoning profile. Together, the results map how cross-linguistic differences in quantifier systems affect L2 learners’ scalar representations and highlight the need for models of inference development to incorporate language-specific constraints on quantifier meaning alongside consideration of pragmatic mechanisms.

本研究探讨了日本英语学习者如何在语用上丰富第二语言的量词，重点研究了第一语言语义、词汇竞争和语境信息的作用。我们的中心目标是绘制英语和日语基础量词系统的跨语言和跨语言差异，并评估这些差异如何形成标量术语的上下语义阈值。使用在基于约束的框架内开发的gumball范式，我们在两个实验中引出了梯度自然度判断，以映射一些在细粒度连续数上分布的情况。在竞争对手有限的无压力环境中（实验1），第二语言学习者对某些词的解释与母语为英语的人非常接近，这表明他们正在形成类似目标的直觉。然而，当少数和大多数替代词汇与一些替代词汇一起被引入时（实验2），系统的基于l1的迁移效应出现了：学习者解释了少数和大多数与日语对应的词汇（sukoshi, hotondo），显示出更窄或延迟的可接受范围。这些传输模式破坏了标量协调，导致一些扩展的可接受窗口和唯一的标量推理配置文件。总之，研究结果揭示了量词系统的跨语言差异如何影响二语学习者的标量表征，并强调了推理发展模型的必要性，即在考虑语用机制的同时，纳入量词意义的语言特定约束。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of specific negative emotions on the retrieval dynamics underlying recognition memory decisions 特定负性情绪对识别记忆决策下检索动态的影响

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104745

Elif Yüvrük , Aycan Kapucu

In the present study, we investigated the effects of specific negative emotions on decision processes in recognition memory in two experiments. The diffusion model of recognition memory (Ratcliff, 1978) was utilized to decompose the decision process into its components. Thus, we examined the effects of emotion on i., starting point (z), which refers to the participant’s motivational predisposition to one of two recognition decisions before the decision process is initiated, ii., boundary separation (a), which refers to how much information is needed to make a recognition decision, iii., and total drift rate (v_total), which refers to the relative weight given to novelty vs. familiarity information during the decision-making process. In two experiments, participants were first asked to study a set of emotional and neutral pictures and then to discriminate them from new ones that had not been presented before. The effects of disgust-related, fear-related, and neutral pictures were tested either immediately (Exp 1) or after a 24-hour retention interval that allows for consolidation (Exp 2). A more liberal z emerged strongly in the disgust condition compared to the fear condition, both before and after consolidation. Participants were less cautious in responding to neutral items before consolidation (Exp 1) and to emotional items after consolidation (Exp 2) as reflected in the boundary separation a, regardless of specific emotion qualities. v_total was influenced by emotionality such that familiarity information was retrieved more effectively for emotional items compared to neutral ones before consolidation, yet this effect was more pronounced in the disgust condition after consolidation. Taken together, these experiments suggested that specific emotions influence not only the outcome of the recognition decision but also the underlying retrieval dynamics of those decisions, and these effects can better be explained by appraisal and emotion-specific properties inherent to each specific emotion.

在本研究中，我们通过两个实验探讨了特定负面情绪对识别记忆决策过程的影响。利用识别记忆的扩散模型（Ratcliff, 1978）将决策过程分解为其组成部分。因此，我们研究了情绪对i.，起点(z)的影响，这是指参与者在决策过程开始之前对两个识别决策之一的动机倾向，ii。边界分离(a)，指的是做出识别决策需要多少信息；和总漂移率（vtotal），指的是在决策过程中给予新颖性与熟悉性信息的相对权重。在两个实验中，参与者首先被要求研究一组情感和中性的图片，然后将它们与以前没有出现过的新图片区分开来。与厌恶相关的、与恐惧相关的和中性的图片的效果被立即测试（实验1）或在24小时的记忆间隔后进行测试（实验2）。在巩固前和巩固后，厌恶条件下比恐惧条件下出现了更自由的z。在边界分离a中，无论具体的情绪品质如何，参与者在巩固前（经验1）和巩固后（经验2）对中性项目的反应都不那么谨慎。Vtotal受情绪因素的影响，在巩固前对情绪项目的熟悉性信息的检索比对中性项目的检索更有效，而在巩固后的厌恶条件下，这种效应更为明显。综上所述，这些实验表明，特定情绪不仅会影响识别决策的结果，还会影响这些决策的潜在检索动态，这些影响可以更好地用每种特定情绪固有的评价和情绪特定属性来解释。

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引用次数: 0

Does perceptual learning for segmental phonotactics generalize across talkers? 分段语音策略的知觉学习在说话者中是否具有普遍性？

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104731

Jeremy Steffman , Megha Sundara

In this study we present a set of experiments testing the conditions under which listeners generalize perceptual learning for biphone phonotactics across talkers. Listeners were exposed to skewed CV biphone distributions at the endpoints of a phonetic VOT continuum with more ambiguous steps having an unbiased (flat) distribution. We first replicated previous findings that listeners generalized learning from biasing contexts to perceive the higher probability biphone at ambiguous continuum steps, when all stimuli were produced by the same talker. Next, we showed that listeners also generalize learning from biphone biasing contexts learned from one talker to a new talker. Notably, there was no further improvement when listeners were presented with multiple talkers producing skewed biphone distributions. Additionally, when exposed to two talkers producing two distinct biphone distributions, listeners failed to learn talker-specific biphone probabilities, and instead evidenced learning for biphone statistics pooled across talkers. That is, listeners extracted talker-independent biphone information. We also found evidence for a possible role for talker similarity: listeners generalized somewhat more strongly between similar talkers, and when acoustic similarity for stimuli within a particular talker is greater. We argue that the results support talker-independent perceptual learning for phonotactics, which is likely learned over representations that are rich enough to encode talker information, separately.

在这项研究中，我们提出了一组实验来测试听者在不同说话者之间对双话筒语音策略进行知觉学习的条件。听者在语音VOT连续体的端点处暴露于偏斜的CV双话筒分布，更模糊的步骤具有无偏（平坦）分布。我们首先重复了先前的研究结果，即当所有刺激都是由同一说话者产生时，听者从有偏见的语境中泛化学习，以在模糊的连续步骤中感知更高概率的双筒电话。接下来，我们证明了听者也会将从一个说话者那里学到的手机偏见语境的学习推广到一个新的说话者。值得注意的是，当听众面前有多个说话者时，话筒分布不均匀，没有进一步的改善。此外，当暴露于两个说话者产生两种不同的双筒话筒分布时，听众无法学习特定于说话者的双筒话筒概率，而是证明了对不同说话者的双筒话筒统计数据的学习。也就是说，听者提取与通话者无关的双话筒信息。我们还发现了说话者相似度可能起作用的证据：听众在相似的说话者之间的泛化程度更强，当特定说话者对刺激的声学相似性更大时。我们认为，这些结果支持语音战术的独立于说话人的感知学习，这可能是通过足够丰富的表征来单独编码说话人的信息来学习的。

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引用次数: 0

Morphemes in the wild: Modelling affix learning from the noisy landscape of natural text 野外语素：从自然文本的嘈杂环境中学习词缀模型

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104746

Maria Korochkina , Marco Marelli , Kathleen Rastle

Morphological knowledge serves as a powerful heuristic for vocabulary growth and contributes significantly to the speed and efficiency of reading. While research has long sought to explain how the knowledge of derivational morphology is acquired, previous approaches have struggled to capture the nuanced and complex ways in which derivational morphemes are used in written language, particularly that these morphemes contribute to meaning in a graded manner and that noise introduced by misleading forms (e.g., deliver) can impede learning. Our approach builds on earlier insights but moves beyond them by combining a large-scale analysis of vocabulary used in 1,200 popular books with computational modelling to explore how learning of derivational affixes may occur from text containing naturally occurring noise. We use a compositional distributional semantic model to investigate what can be learned about the meanings of individual English prefixes and suffixes through reading and evaluate the model’s performance against data from 120 adults in a lexical processing task. Our findings demonstrate that, despite the presence of noise, natural text contains sufficient structure to support the extraction of core affix semantics, and that readers are attuned to the complex patterns that shape affix use in the wild. This work contributes a new dimension to a more principled and psychologically grounded account of morpheme learning, and we discuss both this contribution and the broader insights it offers for language research.

形态知识对词汇增长具有重要的启发式作用，对提高阅读速度和效率有重要作用。虽然研究长期以来一直试图解释衍生词法的知识是如何获得的，但以前的方法一直在努力捕捉衍生语素在书面语言中使用的微妙和复杂的方式，特别是这些语素以一种循序渐进的方式贡献意义，以及由误导性形式（例如，deliver）引入的噪音可能会阻碍学习。我们的方法建立在早期见解的基础上，但通过将1200本流行书籍中使用的词汇的大规模分析与计算建模相结合，探索如何从包含自然产生的噪声的文本中学习衍生词缀，从而超越了这些见解。我们使用一个组合分布语义模型来研究通过阅读可以了解到的单个英语前缀和后缀的含义，并通过120个成年人的词汇处理任务来评估该模型的性能。我们的研究结果表明，尽管存在噪音，自然文本包含足够的结构来支持核心词缀语义的提取，并且读者已经适应了在自然环境中形成词缀使用的复杂模式。这项工作为语素学习提供了一个更有原则和心理基础的新维度，我们讨论了这一贡献以及它为语言研究提供的更广泛的见解。

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引用次数: 0

On the interplay between maintenance systems in verbal working memory 言语工作记忆中维持系统的相互作用

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104742

Maximilien Labaronne , Dalia Kerimici , Pierre Barrouillet , Valérie Camos

Most models of working memory (WM) include two systems for maintaining verbal information: one specific using verbal rehearsal and the other, general-purpose, relying on attention. These systems have been studied independently, but little is known about their interplay. The present study aimed at examining their interaction, especially when the verbal specific system is overloaded. Our hypothesis was that, in such a case, the attention-based system takes over, hence depleting attentional resources for maintenance. Though previously mentioned, this hypothesis has never been formally tested. We took advantage of a new methodology based on the Maxispan instructions, which controls the involvement of each system in immediate serial recall tasks. In the Maxispan instructions, participants cumulatively rehearse orally a defined number of the earlier items until recall, while also memorizing the subsequent items. Their performance was compared to that obtained in the regular instructions condition (i.e., no specific instructions). The articulatory demand of the verbal specific system was also manipulated by presenting either monosyllabic or trisyllabic words or pseudowords. Across five experiments, results supported our hypotheses. Maxispan (vs. regular) instructions led to improved recall performance for both rehearsed and non-rehearsed items. Importantly, rehearsing more syllables in the Maxispan instructions impaired maintenance of the later non-rehearsed items, bringing their recall close to the level of the regular instructions condition. These findings shed light on the interplay between the two systems of verbal maintenance, constraining WM models. Moreover, some peculiarities in words recall questioned the role of semantics in WM.

大多数工作记忆（WM）模型包括两种维持言语信息的系统：一种是使用言语排练的特定系统，另一种是依靠注意力的通用系统。这些系统已经被独立研究过，但对它们之间的相互作用知之甚少。本研究旨在研究它们的相互作用，特别是当言语特定系统过载时。我们的假设是，在这种情况下，以注意力为基础的系统接管了，因此耗尽了用于维持的注意力资源。虽然之前提到过，但这个假设从未被正式验证过。我们利用了一种基于Maxispan指令的新方法，它控制了每个系统在即时串行回忆任务中的参与。在Maxispan的指导下，参与者在记忆后面的项目的同时，不断地口头排练一定数量的前面的项目，直到回忆起来。他们的表现与在常规指令条件下（即没有特定指令）获得的表现进行了比较。通过呈现单音节或三音节词或假词来操纵言语特定系统的发音需求。五个实验的结果支持了我们的假设。长时间的（相对于常规的）指令提高了对排练和非排练项目的回忆能力。重要的是，在Maxispan指令中排练更多的音节损害了对后来未排练的项目的维持，使他们的记忆力接近常规指令条件下的水平。这些发现揭示了两个语言维持系统之间的相互作用，限制了WM模型。此外，词汇记忆的一些特点也对语义在词汇记忆中的作用提出了质疑。

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引用次数: 0

Why are you telling me this? The availability and timing of triviality-driven inferences 你为什么要告诉我这些？琐碎驱动推理的可用性和时机

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104741

Alice Rees , Vilde Reksnes , Hannah Rohde

Part of successful communication involves recognising the purpose of, or the intentions underlying, what speakers choose to say. Often, such pragmatic inferences are studied with an emphasis on informativity. The present work however moves beyond the types of inferences typically studied in prior work and instead investigates inferences from more naturalistic utterances, specifically those whose triviality may invite addressees to reason about why a speaker would have made such a discourse contribution. We present four studies (total N = 777) using offline and online methods to investigate how and when listeners derive relevance inferences from trivial utterances. We manipulate speaker knowledge, speaker style, and linguistic properties of the utterances to show that, even in the absence of explicit emphasis cues, trivial utterances such as “the library walls are blue” are likely to be understood as conveying more than what is stated explicitly (e.g. that the walls used to be a different colour), and that these inferences are more likely to arise when produced by a speaker who is knowledgeable about the situation and who does not typically talk a lot. Our results suggest that comprehenders have pervasive expectations of cooperativity which, when seemingly violated by a speaker’s trivial utterance, prompt reasoning about a speaker’s motivation for speaking to determine how the communicated content is relevant. We then turn to the processing costs of computing triviality-driven inferences and find evidence that there may be a cost to deriving relevance inferences. These findings extend previous work on inferencing, which typically targets specific classes of words that give rise to inferences and demonstrates that broader, systematic inferencing that can arise when addressees reason about speaker goals even in the absence of cues to pragmatic enrichment.

成功沟通的一部分包括认识到说话者选择说的话的目的或潜在的意图。通常，这种语用推理的研究重点是信息性。然而，目前的工作超越了先前工作中典型研究的推理类型，而是研究了更自然主义话语的推理，特别是那些琐碎的话语可能会让说话者推理为什么说话者会做出这样的话语贡献。我们提出了四项研究（总N = 777），使用离线和在线方法来调查听者如何以及何时从琐碎的话语中得出相关性推断。我们操纵演讲者知识,说话风格,和语言属性的话语表明,即使没有明确的重点线索,琐碎的话语如“图书馆墙壁是蓝色的”可能会被理解为输送超过规定明确是什么(如墙壁使用不同的颜色),而这些推论时更容易出现由演讲者了解情况,一般不谈了很多。我们的研究结果表明，理解者对合作有着普遍的期望，当说话者的琐碎话语似乎违反了这种期望时，就会促使他们推断说话者说话的动机，以确定所传达的内容是如何相关的。然后，我们转向计算琐碎驱动推理的处理成本，并找到证据表明，推导相关推理可能存在成本。这些发现扩展了之前的推理工作，即通常针对产生推理的特定类别的单词，并表明即使在缺乏语用丰富线索的情况下，当收件人对说话人的目标进行推理时，也可能产生更广泛，系统的推理。

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引用次数: 0

Knowing a translation pair by the cross-linguistic company it keeps: cross-linguistic context consistency shapes semantic overlap in bilingual conceptual representation 跨语言公司对翻译对的了解：跨语言语境一致性塑造了双语概念表征中的语义重叠

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104729

Yufeng Liu , Shifa Chen , Marco Marelli , Yue Qin

Traditional bilingual conceptual representation models assume semantic overlap between translation equivalents varies due to the differing number of shared semantic features. This study proposes an alternative hypothesis that cross-linguistic context consistency drives the semantic overlap variability in bilingual conceptual representation. To test this hypothesis, we introduce an unsupervised Semantic Alignment Model (SAM) that quantifies the contextual congruency of translation and non-translation pairs across two languages. In experiment 1, a translation recognition task demonstrates the non-holistic nature of bilingual conceptual representation and supports the three assumptions of the Revised Hierarchical Model. A subsequent computational simulation experiment validates SAM’s cognitive plausibility: it mirrors the concreteness effect on translation priming observed in forward translation recognition, revealing that language statistics alone suffice to account for the bilingual concreteness advantage. Finally, experiment 3′s two ad-hoc analyses show that higher semantic alignment Rcs predict both greater processing efficiency and higher similarity ratings of translation pairs, with alignment’s predictability surpassing concreteness in bilinguals’ chronometric performance. Crucially, SAM’s prediction reflects the developmental hypothesis in translation recognition that concreteness cannot capture. These findings challenge the adequacy of purely feature-based bilingual conceptual representation models, which lack explicit mechanisms for how semantic features are learned and represented in the first place. Instead, our findings indicate a distributional view in which bilinguals tacitly track cross-linguistic contextual usage consistency that forms the basis for semantic overlap between translation equivalents in the bilingual mind. This study extends the tenet of distributional semantics to bilingualism, and underscores the dynamic, distributional nature of bilingual semantic memory.

传统的双语概念表示模型假设翻译对等物之间的语义重叠由于共享语义特征的数量不同而不同。本研究提出了跨语言语境一致性驱动双语概念表征语义重叠变异的假设。为了验证这一假设，我们引入了一个无监督语义对齐模型（SAM），该模型量化了两种语言之间翻译和非翻译对的上下文一致性。在实验1中，翻译识别任务证明了双语概念表征的非整体性，并支持了修正层次模型的三个假设。随后的计算模拟实验验证了SAM的认知合理性：它反映了在正向翻译识别中观察到的翻译启动的具体性效应，揭示了语言统计本身足以说明双语具体性优势。最后，实验3的两个特设分析表明，更高的语义对齐Rcs预示着更高的处理效率和更高的翻译对相似性评级，并且对齐的可预测性超过了双语者时间表现的具体性。至关重要的是，SAM的预测反映了翻译识别中的发展性假设，这是具体性无法捕捉到的。这些发现挑战了纯粹基于特征的双语概念表示模型的充分性，这些模型缺乏明确的机制来学习和表示语义特征。相反，我们的研究结果表明了一种分布观点，即双语者会默认地跟踪跨语言上下文用法的一致性，这种一致性形成了双语者头脑中翻译对等物之间语义重叠的基础。本研究将分布语义学的原则扩展到双语，并强调了双语语义记忆的动态、分布性质。

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引用次数: 0

Intermediate decisional and response states in lexical decision: evidence from electromyography and metacognitive confidence ratings 词汇决策的中间决策和反应状态：来自肌电图和元认知信心评级的证据

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104728

Michele Scaltritti , Saman Kamari Songhorabadi , Simone Sulpizio

The lexical decision paradigm relies on a binary response configuration (word vs. nonword) and a single dichotomous decisional outcome (correct vs. error). The present research used single-trial electromyographic recordings of the responses and metacognitive confidence ratings to gain insight into a) intermediate decisional states and b) potential misalignments between objective and subjective outcomes of the lexical decision process. The results revealed that confidence was high for correct responses, signaling a relatively clear-cut categorization even for more ambiguous stimuli such as low-frequency words and wordlike pseudowords. The dominant factors in shaping metacognitive judgments were stimulus properties and premotor processing time, whereas the contribution of the fluency of the motor responses emerged only under specific conditions. Errors revealed a more complex pattern, with limited conscious detection in the case of ambiguous stimuli. Whereas errors for words were seemingly driven by unresolved decision processes, those for nonwords were mostly determined by lexical competition. Importantly, although these latter errors partially bypassed response control mechanisms, they were more accessible to awareness, pointing to a partial dissociation between error correction and detection. By focusing on the decisional layer of lexical decision, these findings begin to shed light on the specific dynamics that characterize decision-making tasks grounded in memory-based evidence and lexical knowledge.

词汇决策范式依赖于二元响应配置（单词与非单词）和单个二元决策结果（正确与错误）。本研究使用单试验肌电图记录的反应和元认知信心评级来深入了解a)中间决策状态和b)词汇决策过程的客观和主观结果之间的潜在偏差。结果显示，对正确回答的信心很高，这表明即使对低频词和类词假词等更模糊的刺激，也有相对清晰的分类。形成元认知判断的主要因素是刺激特性和运动前加工时间，而运动反应的流畅性仅在特定条件下才会发挥作用。错误揭示了一个更复杂的模式，在模糊刺激的情况下，有限的意识检测。单词的错误似乎是由未解决的决策过程驱动的，而非单词的错误主要是由词汇竞争决定的。重要的是，尽管后一种错误部分绕过了响应控制机制，但它们更容易被意识到，这表明错误纠正和检测之间存在部分分离。通过关注词汇决策的决策层，这些发现开始揭示基于记忆的证据和词汇知识的决策任务的具体动态特征。

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引用次数: 0

Evidence of cross-domain phase entrainment effects between nonspeech tones and speech sounds 非语音音调和语音之间的跨域相位夹带效应的证据

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104730

Tzu-Han Zoe Cheng, Sarah C. Creel

Temporal prediction and duration estimation are critical to speech perception. Studies have reported that the rate of nonspeech precursors affects speech categorization, potentially through an underlying non-speech-specific mechanism known as entrainment, supporting a domain-general account of language processing. However, few studies have examined the effects of precursor phase on speech perception, despite the centrality of phase to entrainment models and prevalent findings of phase effects in music and nonspeech tones. Experiments 1–2 looked for phase entrainment between nonspeech precursors (rhythmic series of sine tones) and speech sound targets, either lap/lab (Experiment 1) or at/add (Experiment 2), plus short/long categorization of target tones with speech-matched envelopes and durations. Experiment 3 mirrored Experiment 2, but tested phase entrainment from speech precursors (rhythmic series of speech pips) to speech targets at/add and the matching tones. Experiment 1 found phase entrainment for tones but not speech targets. Experiment 2 better equated the perceptual centers of words and tones, and a cross-domain phase entrainment effect appeared for words. Experiment 3 showed equivalent entrainment effects on speech and tone targets. These results suggest that phase entrainment appears in both tones and speech, and that one domain can entrain another in both directions. Still, across the three experiments, the tone-to-tone entrainment appeared more reliably and showed larger effect sizes than speech-to-speech, tone-to-speech, or speech-to-tone entrainment, which raises questions as to the strength of the influence of phase entrainment in processing of speech and other spectrotemporally complex sounds.

时间预测和持续时间估计是语音感知的关键。有研究报告称，非言语前体的频率影响言语分类，可能是通过一种潜在的非言语特异性机制，即被称为“卷入”的机制，这支持了语言处理的领域通用解释。然而，很少有研究考察了前驱期对语音感知的影响，尽管阶段在娱乐模型中处于中心地位，并且在音乐和非语音音调中普遍发现了阶段效应。实验1 - 2寻找非言语前体（有节奏的正弦音调系列）和语音目标之间的相位夹带，无论是lap/lab（实验1）还是at/add（实验2），加上目标音调的短/长分类与语音匹配的包络和持续时间。实验3反映了实验2，但测试了从语音前体（语音音调的节奏系列）到语音目标/add和匹配的音调的相位干扰。实验1发现了音调的相位夹带，而不是语音目标。实验2较好地将单词和音调的感知中心等同起来，单词出现了跨域相位夹带效应。实验3显示语音和语调目标的夹带效应相当。这些结果表明，相位夹带出现在音调和语音中，并且一个域可以在两个方向夹带另一个域。尽管如此，在这三个实验中，音调对音调的夹带比语音对语音、音调对语音或语音对音调的夹带更可靠，效果也更大，这就提出了相位夹带在处理语音和其他光谱时间复杂声音时的影响强度的问题。

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引用次数: 0