Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104584
Xinyi Lu , Jianqin Wang , Colin M. MacLeod
The production effect is the finding that reading information aloud enhances memory relative to reading information silently. In five experiments, we examined the influence of production on true and false memory in the DRM paradigm. In Experiments 1a, 1b, 3a, and 3b, reading aloud was compared to reading silently. In Experiment 2, reading aloud was compared to reading silently while hearing the words spoken by another voice. In all experiments, reading aloud consistently resulted in better recognition of studied words, but it also consistently resulted in more false alarms to unstudied lures that were semantically related to the studied words. We advance an argument based on current theoretical accounts of false memory wherein reading aloud selectively enhances relational or gist processing—the encoding of shared features across items—rather than item or verbatim processing—the encoding of specific details of individual items. This selective enhancement could be for the shared semantic network (gist), for the shared context of reading aloud (misattributed source memory), or for both. Thus, the benefit of production is best captured by the combination of adding new features (contextual information) together with enriching existing features (semantic information).
{"title":"Production increases both true and false recognition","authors":"Xinyi Lu , Jianqin Wang , Colin M. MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production effect is the finding that reading information aloud enhances memory relative to reading information silently. In five experiments, we examined the influence of production on true and false memory in the DRM paradigm. In Experiments 1a, 1b, 3a, and 3b, reading aloud was compared to reading silently. In Experiment 2, reading aloud was compared to reading silently while hearing the words spoken by another voice. In all experiments, reading aloud consistently resulted in better recognition of studied words, but it also consistently resulted in more false alarms to unstudied lures that were semantically related to the studied words. We advance an argument based on current theoretical accounts of false memory wherein reading aloud selectively enhances relational or gist processing—the encoding of shared features across items—rather than item or verbatim processing—the encoding of specific details of individual items. This selective enhancement could be for the shared semantic network (gist), for the shared context of reading aloud (misattributed source memory), or for both. Thus, the benefit of production is best captured by the combination of adding new features (contextual information) together with enriching existing features (semantic information).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104585
Kristin Lemhöfer, Anqi Lei, Anne Mickan
We aimed to determine the electrophysiological correlates of incidental L2 word learning during dialogue, bridging memory and second language acquisition research in a realistic, but strictly controlled experimental paradigm. Native Dutch speakers of L2 English learned English words previously unknown to them (as confirmed in a ‘hidden’ pretest) through auditory input in a dialogue-like setting revolving around price comparisons, while we measured their EEG. Hearing an unknown as compared to a known word elicited an early and sustained negativity, as well as a later LPC that was actually predictive of subsequent learning success. Notably, in a second block, we found that ERPs to novel words that had just been learned in the previous block were already undistinguishable from those for known words, while not yet learned novel words still showed similar ERP signatures as in block 1. This lends support for a fast learning mechanism in adults incidentally ‘picking up’ new L2 words.
{"title":"Electrophysiological correlates of incidental L2 word learning from dialogue","authors":"Kristin Lemhöfer, Anqi Lei, Anne Mickan","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We aimed to determine the electrophysiological correlates of incidental L2 word learning during dialogue, bridging memory and second language acquisition research in a realistic, but strictly controlled experimental paradigm. Native Dutch speakers of L2 English learned English words previously unknown to them (as confirmed in a ‘hidden’ pretest) through auditory input in a dialogue-like setting revolving around price comparisons, while we measured their EEG. Hearing an unknown as compared to a known word elicited an early and sustained negativity, as well as a later LPC that was actually predictive of subsequent learning success. Notably, in a second block, we found that ERPs to novel words that had just been learned in the previous block were already undistinguishable from those for known words, while not yet learned novel words still showed similar ERP signatures as in block 1. This lends support for a fast learning mechanism in adults incidentally ‘picking up’ new L2 words.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104581
Michael D. Tuttle, Jeffrey J. Starns, Andrew L. Cohen
In an effort to protect innocent suspects in police lineups, guidelines tend to encourage conservative responding in eyewitnesses. We used Signal Detection Theory (SDT), in conjunction with Expected Information Gain (EIG), to explain why conservative responding with standard simultaneous lineup procedures is detrimental to gathering information about the guilt or innocence of suspects. We also show that a different lineup procedure, the ranking lineup, should largely avoid this loss of information. These SDT predictions were tested in two experiments that manipulated response conservativeness in terms of instructions to the witness and/or witness confidence levels. The results showed strong evidence for the predicted pattern. That is, conservative responding substantially decreased the information value of witness responses in simultaneous lineups, but not ranking lineups. Critically, conservative responding in the simultaneous procedure specifically decreased the ability to gain evidence of innocence, revealing a cost that offsets the benefit of reduced false identifications. The ranking procedure, in contrast, provided strong evidence of innocence even when false identification rates were low. These results have significant implications for policy recommendations in police lineups and suggest that eyewitness researchers need to consider information-theory measures in the attempt to find procedures that best serve the goal of protecting innocent suspects.
{"title":"Protecting the innocent in eyewitness identification: An analysis of simultaneous and ranking lineups","authors":"Michael D. Tuttle, Jeffrey J. Starns, Andrew L. Cohen","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In an effort to protect innocent suspects in police lineups, guidelines tend to encourage conservative responding in eyewitnesses. We used Signal Detection Theory (SDT), in conjunction with Expected Information Gain (EIG), to explain why conservative responding with standard simultaneous lineup procedures is detrimental to gathering information about the guilt or innocence of suspects. We also show that a different lineup procedure, the ranking lineup, should largely avoid this loss of information. These SDT predictions were tested in two experiments that manipulated response conservativeness in terms of instructions to the witness and/or witness confidence levels. The results showed strong evidence for the predicted pattern. That is, conservative responding substantially decreased the information value of witness responses in simultaneous lineups, but not ranking lineups. Critically, conservative responding in the simultaneous procedure specifically decreased the ability to gain evidence of innocence, revealing a cost that offsets the benefit of reduced false identifications. The ranking procedure, in contrast, provided strong evidence of innocence even when false identification rates were low. These results have significant implications for policy recommendations in police lineups and suggest that eyewitness researchers need to consider information-theory measures in the attempt to find procedures that best serve the goal of protecting innocent suspects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104583
Wiebke Hemming, Kathrin Sadus, Jan Rummel
Time-based prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to execute an intended action at a predefined future time. Previous research suggests that both general cognitive abilities (working memory) and task specific abilities (time monitoring) underly time-based PM performance. In three studies, we investigated the relevance of specific WM processes (binding, updating) for time-based PM and unravel their interplay with task specific abilities. In Experiment 1 (N = 147), we manipulated working-memory load, and found a greater influence of time monitoring on PM performance with increasing load. In Experiment 2 (N = 132), we found, in addition to time monitoring, specifically WM updating abilities to be associated with PM performance. In Experiment 3 (N = 148), we found PM performance to suffer when updating demands were increased but the effect vanished after controlling for time monitoring. These findings emphasize the complex interplay between general cognitive ability and task specific abilities in time-based PM.
{"title":"Individual differences in time-based prospective memory: The roles of working memory and time monitoring","authors":"Wiebke Hemming, Kathrin Sadus, Jan Rummel","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Time-based prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to execute an intended action at a predefined future time. Previous research suggests that both general cognitive abilities (working memory) and task specific abilities (time monitoring) underly time-based PM performance. In three studies, we investigated the relevance of specific WM processes (binding, updating) for time-based PM and unravel their interplay with task specific abilities. In Experiment 1 (<em>N</em> = 147), we manipulated working-memory load, and found a greater influence of time monitoring on PM performance with increasing load. In Experiment 2 (<em>N</em> = 132), we found, in addition to time monitoring, specifically WM updating abilities to be associated with PM performance. In Experiment 3 (<em>N</em> = 148), we found PM performance to suffer when updating demands were increased but the effect vanished after controlling for time monitoring. These findings emphasize the complex interplay between general cognitive ability and task specific abilities in time-based PM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104582
Sharda Umanath , Jennifer H. Coane , Juliane T. Renaker , Kathrine Whitman , Alexis A. Lee , Stacy Kim
Across the lifespan, accumulated knowledge can become inaccessible, with everyone having experienced retrieval failures. These failures are accompanied by varied mental experiences (phenomenology), but little research has been done to distinctly characterize their full range. The present studies examined the extent to which varying failures, ranging from imminent retrieval like tip-of-the-tongue states to unavailability, are associated with distinct phenomenological experiences. Proposing a Proximity to Retrieval Success framework for retrieval failures, we hypothesize that the probability of retrieval success (accessibility) will vary systematically from high to low, with intermediate probabilities reflecting a Zone of Proximal Retrieval. Older and younger adults answered age-normed, short-answer general knowledge questions and selected one of four phenomenological retrieval failure experiences when unable to answer. In Experiment 1, participants completed a subsequent multiple-choice test, whereas Experiments 2 and 3 involved correct answer feedback before completing a final short-answer test. Consistently, and in line with predictions from the Proximity to Retrieval Success framework, accuracy on the subsequent test systematically increased as a function of the selected phenomenological retrieval failure state’s proximity to the accessibility threshold, with the lowest accuracy for items judged as not known. These findings indicate robust successful metacognition linking phenomenological experiences of retrieval failures with behavioral memory performance. Implications for the practical and theoretical usefulness of this work are discussed. (215 words)
{"title":"Using the phenomenology of knowledge-based retrieval failures in younger and older adults to characterize proximity to retrieval success and identify a Zone of Proximal Retrieval","authors":"Sharda Umanath , Jennifer H. Coane , Juliane T. Renaker , Kathrine Whitman , Alexis A. Lee , Stacy Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Across the lifespan, accumulated knowledge can become inaccessible, with everyone having experienced retrieval failures. These failures are accompanied by varied mental experiences (phenomenology), but little research has been done to distinctly characterize their full range. The present studies examined the extent to which varying failures, ranging from imminent retrieval like tip-of-the-tongue states to unavailability, are associated with distinct phenomenological experiences. Proposing a Proximity to Retrieval Success framework for retrieval failures, we hypothesize that the probability of retrieval success (accessibility) will vary systematically from high to low, with intermediate probabilities reflecting a Zone of Proximal Retrieval. Older and younger adults answered age-normed, short-answer general knowledge questions and selected one of four phenomenological retrieval failure experiences when unable to answer. In Experiment 1, participants completed a subsequent multiple-choice test, whereas Experiments 2 and 3 involved correct answer feedback before completing a final short-answer test. Consistently, and in line with predictions from the Proximity to Retrieval Success framework, accuracy on the subsequent test systematically increased as a function of the selected phenomenological retrieval failure state’s proximity to the accessibility threshold, with the lowest accuracy for items judged as not known. These findings indicate robust successful metacognition linking phenomenological experiences of retrieval failures with behavioral memory performance. Implications for the practical and theoretical usefulness of this work are discussed. (215 words)</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104580
Sasha Calhoun , Mengzhu Yan , Hannah White
Recent work has shown that contrastive accenting plays a crucial role in discourse processing, causing listeners to activate alternatives to focused words and/or suppress non-contrastive semantic associates. However, key theoretical questions remain, relating to how lexical activation, sentence and discourse processing interact. These include the breadth of the alternative set, which could span from a small contextually-relevant set to a large, ‘permissive’ one; and whether these processes are best characterised as activation or suppression mechanisms. There is also little research on whether activation of alternatives differs by the grammatical role of the prime, despite differences in the focus-related properties of subjects versus objects. We present two cross-modal lexical decision experiments showing activation of non-contrastive associates is suppressed with contrastive focus, consistent with a suppression mechanism, at least for objects. Alternatives both semantically related, and unrelated, to the prime, were primed, consistent with a broad, ‘permissive’, alternative set. There were crucial differences in priming patterns for subjects versus objects. The study makes important contributions to our theoretical understanding of the role of focus in discourse processing.
{"title":"Examining focus and alternative priming: Effects of grammatical role and breadth of the alternative set","authors":"Sasha Calhoun , Mengzhu Yan , Hannah White","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent work has shown that contrastive accenting plays a crucial role in discourse processing, causing listeners to activate alternatives to focused words and/or suppress non-contrastive semantic associates. However, key theoretical questions remain, relating to how lexical activation, sentence and discourse processing interact. These include the breadth of the alternative set, which could span from a small contextually-relevant set to a large, ‘permissive’ one; and whether these processes are best characterised as activation or suppression mechanisms. There is also little research on whether activation of alternatives differs by the grammatical role of the prime, despite differences in the focus-related properties of subjects versus objects. We present two cross-modal lexical decision experiments showing activation of non-contrastive associates is suppressed with contrastive focus, consistent with a suppression mechanism, at least for objects. Alternatives both semantically related, and unrelated, to the prime, were primed, consistent with a broad, ‘permissive’, alternative set. There were crucial differences in priming patterns for subjects versus objects. The study makes important contributions to our theoretical understanding of the role of focus in discourse processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104579
Angelica V. Hagsand , Nadja Schreiber Compo
This novel study was the first to examine how alcohol and personality affect witnesses’ memory. Using a quasi-experimental method, participants (N = 65) recruited from local bars provided breath alcohol concentration measurements and personality ratings using Big Five (i.e., Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism). Participants viewed a filmed witness event, followed by an interview about the event. BAC ranged from 0.00-0.14 %, with a mean of 0.05 % (SD = 0.03 %). Results showed that there was a significant effect of Openness on the quantity of witness recall, with higher Openness scores yielding a greater number of witness details recalled. Also, participants with increased intoxication levels in combination with higher Conscientiousness scores reported fewer details. Finally, increased alcohol-intoxication had a negative effect on memory as witnesses’ accuracy rate declined, while their number of “I do not know” answers increased. Our findings suggest that personality differences may play an important role in alcohol-intoxicated witnesses’ episodic long-term memory, despite being largely neglected by researchers. Future research is encouraged to continue disentangle the complexity of the interaction between personality, alcohol, and witness memory.
{"title":"The big five traits openness and conscientiousness affect the memory of alcohol-intoxicated eyewitnesses","authors":"Angelica V. Hagsand , Nadja Schreiber Compo","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This novel study was the first to examine how alcohol and personality affect witnesses’ memory. Using a quasi-experimental method, participants (<em>N</em> = 65) recruited from local bars provided breath alcohol concentration measurements and personality ratings using Big Five (i.e., Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism). Participants viewed a filmed witness event, followed by an interview about the event. BAC ranged from 0.00-0.14 %, with a mean of 0.05 % (<em>SD</em> = 0.03 %). Results showed that there was a significant effect of Openness on the quantity of witness recall, with higher Openness scores yielding a greater number of witness details recalled. Also, participants with increased intoxication levels in combination with higher Conscientiousness scores reported fewer details. Finally, increased alcohol-intoxication had a negative effect on memory as witnesses’ accuracy rate declined, while their number of “<em>I do not know</em>” answers increased. Our findings suggest that personality differences may play an important role in alcohol-intoxicated witnesses’ episodic long-term memory, despite being largely neglected by researchers. Future research is encouraged to continue disentangle the complexity of the interaction between personality, alcohol, and witness memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104578
Dario Paape , Garrett Smith, Shravan Vasishth
For decades, a major underlying assumption behind theories of sentence comprehension has been that the parser only entertains analyses that are grammatically consistent with all words encountered in the sentence so far. A dramatic challenge to this self-consistency assumption came from two self-paced reading experiments in English (Tabor et al. 2004). Using a syntactic and a syntactic–semantic manipulation, Tabor et al. (2004) found that participants read a string of words more slowly if the string could locally form a grammatical structure that is ungrammatical given the preceding words. In the years since, such local coherence effects, and in particular syntactic local coherence effects, have generated much debate about the nature of human sentence parsing, and have become a central explanandum for psycholinguistic theories. Despite this attention, to our knowledge no one has directly attempted to replicate the claimed effects. Here, we present a large-sample replication attempt using the original Tabor et al. (2004) syntactic and syntactic–semantic local coherence design using two methods (self-paced reading and bidirectional self-paced reading). A Bayes factor analysis shows evidence against a large, immediate effect of syntactic local coherence in reading, and only anecdotal evidence for a syntactic–semantic local coherence effect, but only in bidirectional self-paced reading. In this paradigm, there are also large effects of local coherence on rereading, which may be due to error recovery mechanisms, and which do not affect all participants. Our results suggest that the original effect sizes, especially for the much-debated early syntactic local coherence effect, are likely to be overestimates due to low power in the original Tabor et al. (2004) study. An important implication for psycholinguistic theory is that the challenge to self-consistency posed by local coherence effects is not as strong as previously believed.
{"title":"Do local coherence effects exist in English reduced relative clauses?","authors":"Dario Paape , Garrett Smith, Shravan Vasishth","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For decades, a major underlying assumption behind theories of sentence comprehension has been that the parser only entertains analyses that are grammatically consistent with all words encountered in the sentence so far. A dramatic challenge to this self-consistency assumption came from two self-paced reading experiments in English (Tabor et al. 2004). Using a syntactic and a syntactic–semantic manipulation, Tabor et al. (2004) found that participants read a string of words more slowly if the string could locally form a grammatical structure that is <em>un</em>grammatical given the preceding words. In the years since, such local coherence effects, and in particular syntactic local coherence effects, have generated much debate about the nature of human sentence parsing, and have become a central explanandum for psycholinguistic theories. Despite this attention, to our knowledge no one has directly attempted to replicate the claimed effects. Here, we present a large-sample replication attempt using the original Tabor et al. (2004) syntactic and syntactic–semantic local coherence design using two methods (self-paced reading and bidirectional self-paced reading). A Bayes factor analysis shows evidence <em>against</em> a large, immediate effect of syntactic local coherence in reading, and only anecdotal evidence for a syntactic–semantic local coherence effect, but only in bidirectional self-paced reading. In this paradigm, there are also large effects of local coherence on rereading, which may be due to error recovery mechanisms, and which do not affect all participants. Our results suggest that the original effect sizes, especially for the much-debated early syntactic local coherence effect, are likely to be overestimates due to low power in the original Tabor et al. (2004) study. An important implication for psycholinguistic theory is that the challenge to self-consistency posed by local coherence effects is not as strong as previously believed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104577
Christopher N. Wahlheim , Jennifer L. Fiedler , Sydney M. Garlitch , Blaire J. Weidler
Successfully navigating changing environments requires updating memories. The present experimental and individual differences study examined associations between attention while encoding changes and subsequent memory updating. Participants studied word pairs with responses that changed from first (A-B) to more recent (A-D) appearances. Participants were intermittently probed about their attentional state, with “on task” indicating attentive study, and then attempted to recall responses and if the responses changed. Within- and between-subject associations between task reports and recall were highly consistent. On-task reports for A-D pairs were positively associated with recent-response (D) recalls when participants were on task for A-B pairs. Additionally, on-task reports for A-B pairs were positively associated with first-response (B) recalls only when participants were on task for A-D pairs. Finally, first- (B) and recent-response (D) recalls were positively associated. These correlational findings are consistent with the causal proposal that attention to A-D pairs enables retrieval of A-B pairs during study, which presents opportunities for associative encoding that counteracts proactive interference.
{"title":"Self-Reported attention to changes and associations with episodic memory updating","authors":"Christopher N. Wahlheim , Jennifer L. Fiedler , Sydney M. Garlitch , Blaire J. Weidler","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Successfully navigating changing environments requires updating memories. The present experimental and individual differences study examined associations between attention while encoding changes and subsequent memory updating. Participants studied word pairs with responses that changed from first (A-B) to more recent (A-D) appearances. Participants were intermittently probed about their attentional state, with “on task” indicating attentive study, and then attempted to recall responses and if the responses changed. Within- and between-subject associations between task reports and recall were highly consistent. On-task reports for A-D pairs were positively associated with recent-response (D) recalls when participants were on task for A-B pairs. Additionally, on-task reports for A-B pairs were positively associated with first-response (B) recalls only when participants were on task for A-D pairs. Finally, first- (B) and recent-response (D) recalls were positively associated. These correlational findings are consistent with the causal proposal that attention to A-D pairs enables retrieval of A-B pairs during study, which presents opportunities for associative encoding that counteracts proactive interference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104574
Wenbo Zhao , Shaohang Liu , Xiaofang Tian , Baike Li , David R. Shanks , Chunliang Yang , Liang Luo
An emerging body of studies has demonstrated that asking participants to make concurrent judgments of learning (JOLs) during learning can reactively change (typically enhance) their memory performance, a phenomenon known as the reactivity effect. The current study conducted the first exploration of individual differences in the JOL reactivity effect by employing a large-scale (N = 284 participants) approach. The reactivity effect was measured in a related word pair learning task, and each of four higher-order cognitive constructs, including working memory capacity (WMC), attentional control (AC), episodic memory (EM), and general fluid intelligence (gF), was assessed by multiple tasks. The results showed that making JOLs enhanced cued recall of related word pairs, reflecting an overall positive reactivity effect. WMC independently and positively predicted JOL reactivity and this prediction effect survived when controlling for the prediction effects of other cognitive constructs. After controlling for the effects of WMC, EM, and gF, AC negatively predicted JOL reactivity. Neither EM nor gF predicted reactivity. These findings lend support to the learning engagement and dual-task costs theories to jointly account for the JOL reactivity effect. Practical implications for guiding learning practices and for mitigating JOL reactivity in future metacognition research are discussed.
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