Journal of memory and language最新文献

英文中文

Interference in the formation of filler-gap dependencies: Evidence from Hebrew relative clauses 填空依存关系形成过程中的干扰：来自希伯来语相对从句的证据

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104626

Niki Saul , Maayan Keshev , Aya Meltzer-Asscher

Much research in sentence processing has shown that the formation of syntactic dependencies is susceptible to interference from structurally irrelevant distractors. Interference may occur during encoding of a dependent, or during its retrieval. Filler phrases participating in filler-gap dependencies were argued to be encoded robustly and maintained actively in memory, raising the possibility that fillers are immune to interference. In two self-paced reading and two offline comprehension experiments, we look for online and offline evidence for interference in Hebrew relative clauses, using the gender feature to manipulate similarity between the filler and a distractor. In the self-paced reading experiments, we find weak evidence for facilitatory interference in ungrammatical sentences, but no evidence for inhibitory interference in grammatical sentences. In the offline comprehension experiments, we find robust evidence for interference in grammatical sentences, reflected in low comprehension accuracy. The results demonstrate that fillers are prone to interference similarly to other items in memory. We further show that interference is unaffected by the use of gender as a retrieval cue, in contrast to predictions made by cue-based retrieval models, and propose a novel account for so-called “encoding interference” effects.

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引用次数: 0

Only case-syncretic nouns attract: Czech and Slovak gender agreement

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104623

Radim Lacina , Anna Laurinavichyute , Jan Chromý

Attraction effects in the comprehension of ungrammatical sentences have long been observed for number and gender agreement across many languages. These prolific findings have led researchers to claim that attraction effects are universal. However, recent evidence from Czech has shown that number agreement attraction is either non-existent in the language or negligible in size. We aimed to test whether this is also the case for gender agreement and to explore the role of case syncretism in the emergence of attraction effects. Crucially, we evaluated the predictions of the cue-based retrieval model in light of the resulting estimates. Across three self-paced reading experiments, two on Czech (

N_{1}

= 172,

N_{3}

= 255) and the other on the closely related Slovak (

N_{2}

= 119), gender attraction in ungrammatical sentences was attested only with case-syncretic attractors. No differences between grammatical conditions were found. Based on computational modelling estimates, we argue that these empirical results contradict the predictions of the classic cue-based retrieval model but are compatible with the repair-by-retrieval account.

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引用次数: 0

A distributional model of concepts grounded in the spatial organization of objects

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104624

Andrea Gregor de Varda , Marco Petilli, Marco Marelli

Data-driven models of concepts are gaining popularity in Psychology and Cognitive Science. Distributional semantic models represent word meanings as abstract word co-occurrence patterns, and excel at capturing human meaning intuitions about conceptual relationships; however, they lack the explicit links to the physical world that humans acquire through perception. Computer vision neural networks, on the other hand, can produce representations of visually-grounded concepts, but they do not support the extraction of information about the relationships between objects. To bridge the gap between distributional semantic models and computer vision networks, we introduce SemanticScape, a model of semantic concepts grounded in the visual relationships between objects in natural images. The model captures the latent statistics of the spatial organization of objects in the visual environment. Its implementation is based on the calculation of the summed Euclidean distances between all object pairs in visual scenes, which are then abstracted by means of dimensionality reduction. We validate our model against human explicit intuitions on semantic and visual similarity, relatedness, analogical reasoning, and several semantic and visual implicit processing measurements. Our results show that SemanticScape explains variance in human responses in the semantic tasks above and beyond what can be accounted for by standard distributional semantic models and convolutional neural networks; however, it is not predictive of human performance in implicit perceptual tasks. Our findings highlight that implicit information about the objects’ spatial distribution in the environment has a specific impact on semantic processing, demonstrating the importance of this often neglected experiential source.

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引用次数: 0

Shared mechanisms in pragmatic enrichment with contextual and lexical alternatives

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104607

Nadine Bade , WooJin Chung , Léo Picat , Rachel Dudley , Salvador Mascarenhas

We explore the role of contextual versus lexical alternatives in pragmatic strengthening using a novel training-with-feedback paradigm. In two experiments, we investigate whether training with inferences over contextual alternatives affects pragmatic strengthening with lexical alternatives, and the other way around. In both Experiments, we find that training that encouraged (or discouraged) pragmatic strengthening of simple disjunctions carried over to complex disjunctions of an unfamiliar kind to our experimental participants. This shows that our novel methodology is effective in training general mechanisms for activating alternatives. In Experiment 2, we showed that this methodology can be made to work across different kinds of alternatives, if certain salience conditions are met.

引用次数: 0

Investigating the cognitive correlates of semantic and perceptual false memory in older and younger adults: A multi-group latent variable approach

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104625

John T. West , Rebecca L. Wagner , Ashley Steinkrauss , Nancy A. Dennis

Falsely remembering information can have negative consequences for day-to-day functioning and can be especially problematic for older adults who often experience higher rates of false memory. Because there is considerable variability between older adults in memory and cognition, it is essential that we understand the factors that place older individuals at risk for developing false memories. Whereas lower frontal functioning has previously been related to false memory in general, prior research suggests that there may also be domain-specificity in the factors associated with false memory. To test this possibility, 211 young adults and 152 older adults completed tasks measuring semantic false memory, perceptual false memory, frontal functioning, semantic discrimination, and perceptual discrimination. Factor analyses revealed that – contrary to predictions – individual differences in semantic and perceptual false memory were best represented by a single, overarching false memory factor. Although cognitive abilities were generally not related to false memory when assessed together, semantic discrimination, perceptual discrimination, and frontal functioning were all negatively associated with false memory in isolation, and jointly predicted 37% of the variance in younger adults and 40% in older adults. Importantly, the extent to which these cognitive abilities protected against false memory did not differ between older and younger adults. Results suggest that for both older and younger adults, individual differences in the tendency to falsely remember information are captured by a single overarching construct that has negative (yet redundant) associations with various cognitive abilities.

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引用次数: 0

Sample size and its justification in the Journal of Memory and Language

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104622

Adrian Staub

引用次数: 0

Larger lexicons enable representation of fine-grained phonological similarity structure: Evidence from English L2 speakers’ sound similarity judgments of word pairs

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104619

Cynthia S.Q. Siew , Nichol Castro

Native English speakers are sensitive to the small-world structure and community structure of the phonological similarity network of English words. In this study we investigated whether L2 speakers of English are sensitive to the overall similarity structure of the phonological lexicon, and whether this sensitivity is modulated by the size of their L2 vocabulary. Participants with diverse L1s (with English as their L2) completed a phonological similarity rating task where they listened to pairs of English words and provided similarity judgments for word pairs of varying path lengths and community membership. Path length in the phonological network represented the number of steps needed to traverse from one word to another word in the network. Word pairs were either from the same phonological community or different communities. English vocabulary knowledge was assessed using the LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma, 2012). Results indicated that participants with higher LexTALE scores showed greater sensitivity to both community membership of word pairs as well as phonological distance between words at shorter path lengths. Computational simulations of the task with phonological networks depicting various levels of L2 proficiency qualitatively align with the observed behavioral results. The simulations suggest that larger network sizes provide more degrees of freedom for representing subtle patterns of similarity relations among word-forms. These findings have implications for understanding how expansion of the phonological mental lexicon enables learners to represent fine-grained, internal structure of phonological similarity relations among words.

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引用次数: 0

Animacy outweighs topichood when choosing pronouns and word order

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104615

Markus Bader, Yvonne Portele

This paper presents three picture description experiments investigating grammatical encoding and reference production in German. Participants described pictures showing transitive events with an animate agent and an inanimate patient. A preceding context established one of the referents as topic. The results show that animacy outranks topichood with regard to pronoun choice and choice of word order. Animate entities were pronominalized and produced sentence-initially more often than inanimate ones — independent of their topic status. The use of demonstratives, on the other hand, was mainly driven by topichood, with more demonstratives for non-topics. In addition, the choice of word order depended on the choice of referential expressions. Our findings extend existing evidence against a unified accessibility scale that simultaneously accounts for different types of referential expressions and for word order. We show how the consensus model of language production can be refined to account for our findings without invoking the problematic notion of accessibility.

引用次数: 0

Toddlers’ looking behaviours during referent selection and relationships with immediate and delayed retention

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104596

Emma L. Axelsson , Jessica S. Horst , Samantha L. Playford , Amanda I. Winiger

The current study investigates whether children’s attempts to solve referential ambiguity is best explained as a process-of-elimination or a novelty bias. We measured 2.5-year-old children’s pointing and eye movements during referent selection trials and assessed whether this changes across repeated exposures. We also tested children’s retention of novel words and how much focusing on novel targets during referent selection supports immediate and delayed retention as well as the effect of hearing the words ostensively named after referent selection. Time course analyses of children’s looking during referent selection indicated that soon after noun onsets, in familiar target trials there was a greater focus on targets relative to chance, but in novel target trials, children focussed on targets less than chance, suggesting an initial focus on competitors. Children also took longer to focus on and point to novel compared to familiar targets. Thus, this converging evidence suggests referent selection is best described as a process-of-elimination. Ostensive naming also led to faster pointing at novel targets in subsequent trials and better delayed retention than the non-ostensive condition. In addition, a greater focus on novel targets during referent selection was associated with better immediate retention for the ostensive naming condition, but better delayed retention for the non-ostensive condition. Therefore, a focus on novelty may supplement weaker encoding, facilitating later retention.

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引用次数: 0

Retention of grammatical information by L1 and L2 readers: The role of form and meaning

IF 2.9 1区心理学 Q1 LINGUISTICS

Journal of memory and language

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104605

Denisa Bordag , Andreas Opitz

In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated how aspects of form and meaning influence the retention of grammatical information. Native (N = 64) and non-native (N = 63) German speakers read sentence pairs. The second sentence was presented after 12–16 intervening sentences and was either identical to the first sentence or changed in one grammatical feature (tense, number). For both types of grammatical alternations, we controlled for formal and meaning aspects involved in their processing. Longer reading times in the changed condition compared to the identical condition indicated retention of the grammatical information conveyed in the first sentence. Non-native participants showed stronger retention effects when salient formal changes were involved, whereas native speakers were more sensitive to changes based on conceptual/meaning differences. Our study provides novel insights into which components of grammatical features drive their retention in the memory of non-native and native readers.

引用次数: 0

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