Promises and challenges: cabotegravir for preexposure prophylaxis.

Purpose of review: Tenofovir-based oral PrEP has been effective in reducing population-level HIV incidence in multiple settings, although disparities remain. Injectable cabotegravir-based PrEP is an alternative that may be attractive to individuals with adherence challenges or who do not desire to take a daily medication. We review promises and challenges of cabotegravir-based PrEP.

Recent findings: Cabotegravir has demonstrated higher effectiveness than oral PrEP in two randomized trials, with a hazard ratio of 0.31 for HIV incidence among MSM and transgender women across multiple settings [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18-0.62] and 0.11 for cisgender women in sub-Saharan Africa (95% CI 0.040.32). Cabotegravir was also highly effective among populations with disproportionate HIV incidence. Although cabotegravir breakthrough was rare, diagnosis was delayed with use of antigen/antibody-based HIV tests, and resistance occurred with breakthrough infections. Implementation will need to overcome several challenges, including HIV RNA laboratory monitoring not being widely available, requirement for additional staff time and clinic space, and need to provide oral medication during interruptions in dosing.

Summary: Cabotegravir-based PrEP is a highly effective additional PrEP option that will expand HIV prevention options. For successful roll-out, strategies for streamlined and accessible delivery of cabotegravir in real-world settings will need to be developed.