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引用次数: 23

摘要

传统的失效模式和影响分析是一种自下而上的分析技术,用于识别部件失效模式及其对系统性能的原因和影响,评估其可能性、严重性和临界性或缓解的优先级。故障模式及其原因,除了与硬件相关的故障,主要是电子故障,仍然没有得到很好的解决,或者根本没有得到解决。发生的可能性是根据部件故障率或在其估计中应用工程判断来确定的。因此,难以确定优先级,因此只处理与安全相关的或高度关键的问题。传统的FMEA或FMECA在彻底完成后,将无法作为产品设计可靠性改进的有效工具。根据产品的功能、故障定义、架构和应力以及操作概况,将故障树分析作为自上而下的方法应用于产品,提供了一种有条不紊的方法,可以跟踪产品的功能流程,直至低级组件、组件、故障模式、各自的原因及其组合。使用FTA对各种功能条件和交互(如启用事件、具有特定发生优先级的事件等)进行建模的灵活性,提供了它们的功能相互依赖的准确表示。除了能够考虑混合可靠性属性(故障率与故障概率混合)之外,故障树易于构建和更改,以便快速权衡,因为不可靠性值的累积是自动的,可以立即评估最终的定量可靠性结果。本文描述的故障模式分析使用故障树技术,允许对软件和硬件组件,其功能,应力,可操作性和相互作用的故障模式的每个单独原因进行真实,深入的工程评估。
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Use of fault tree analysis for evaluation of system-reliability improvements in design phase
Traditional failure mode and effects analysis is applied as a bottom-up analytical technique to identify component failure modes and their causes and effects on the system performance, estimate their likelihood, severity and criticality or priority for mitigation. Failure modes and their causes, other than those associated with hardware, primarily electronic, remained poorly addressed or not addressed at all. Likelihood of occurrence was determined on the basis of component failure rates or by applying engineering judgement in their estimation. Resultant prioritization is consequently difficult so that only the apparent safety-related or highly critical issues were addressed. When thoroughly done, traditional FMEA or FMECA were too involved to be used as a effective tool for reliability improvement of the product design. Fault tree analysis applied to the product as a top down in view of its functionality, failure definition, architecture and stress and operational profiles provides a methodical way of following products functional flow down to the low level assemblies, components, failure modes and respective causes and their combination. Flexibility of modeling of various functional conditions and interaction such as enabling events, events with specific priority of occurrence, etc., using FTA, provides for accurate representation of their functionality interdependence. In addition to being capable of accounting for mixed reliability attributes (failure rates mixed with failure probabilities), fault trees are easy to construct and change for quick tradeoffs as roll up of unreliability values is automatic for instant evaluation of the final quantitative reliability results. Failure mode analysis using fault tree technique that is described in this paper allows for real, in-depth engineering evaluation of each individual cause of a failure mode regarding software and hardware components, their functions, stresses, operability and interactions.
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