FORMAL AND SEMANTIC ADAPTATION OF LEXICAL BOOROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE‑RECIPIENT (THE END OF THE 20TH – THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURIES)

The paper outlines the research into the problem of stages and degrees of adaptation of lexical borrowings in Linguistics in the end of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st c. from the point of linguistic historiography. The objectives of the article are to determine the differential features of the degrees of adaptation of lexical borrowings at various stages and levels of the language system while penetrating borrowed words into language-recipient and study the degrees of the assimilation process of borrowed words in the interpretation of the linguists at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 21st cc. Most linguists distinguish three stages of adaptation of lexical borrowings: the first stage is phonetic where the causes of phonetic variants are investigated and the ways of appearing of phonetic variations of lexical borrowing are suggested; the second stage is characterized by lexicalsemantic assimilation of foreign words, where the semantic and functional development of borrowing process in languagerecipient is investigated; the third stage is the phase of full adaptation or rooting, when codification in dictionaries of languagerecipient is identified. The stages of adaptation of foreign words have been defined to be as formal and semantic assimilation. The conducted research shows that formal adaptation is characterized by assimilation of borrowed lexical units into phonetic, graphic and morphological levels of language-recipient. The results obtained illustrate that formal criteria are considered to be the adaptation of lexical borrowings to the lexical system of the recipient language with the maximum convergence of their graphic, phonetic and grammatical characteristics. According to the results of the research, semantic adaptation can be a formation of an independent lexical meaning of a foreign word in a new linguistic environment and formation of definite connections with other words within the thematic group in language-recipient. The prospects of the given research consist in further combining the best scientific achievements of the past with the development of new approaches to the investigated problem and involving Indo-European languages in particular studying the causes and ways of adaptation of lexical borrowings in language-recipient.