Requirements to positioning solution for mobility 4.0

Vehicle applications with positioning functionality, such as route guidance navigation, emergency calls, and stolen vehicle tracking, have provided safety and convenience to drivers, passengers, vehicle-owners, and society. Now, positioning solutions become key for the success of connected/automated vehicles, bringing a new paradigm of surface transportation called Mobility 4.0. New applications of Mobility 4.0, such as on- demand mobility, car sharing, and driverless taxis/fleets have specific additional requirements for positioning solutions compared to connected/automated vehicles, such as indoor locations and pedestrians/cyclists' locations. However, until now, positioning solutions for Mobility 4.0 have not been researched deeply, compared to positioning solutions for connected/automated vehicles. Therefore, in this report, we first examine requirements to positioning solutions from Mobility 4.0. Then, we introduce existing and emerging positioning solutions, including their advantages and challenges applied to Mobility 4.0 applications. Finally, we examine various positioning solutions based on Mobility 4.0 requirements (including parameters such as location accuracy and time delay/resolution) in areas such as indoor locations, pedestrians/cyclists' locations, and mobility.