Biodegradation of Alginate, Xanthan, and Gellan

Introduction Historical Outline Alginate Xanthan Gellan Alginate Depolymerization Alginate-assimilating Bacterium Genes Responsible for Uptake of Alginate Enzymatic Depolymerization System for Alginate in Sphingomonas sp. A1 Catalytic Action and Crystal Structure of Alginate Lyase A1-III Xanthan Depolymerization Xanthan-assimilating Bacterium Properties of Xanthan Lyase and its Gene Enzymatic Depolymerization System for Xanthan in Bacillus sp. GL1 Gellan Depolymerization Gellan-assimilating Bacterium Properties of Gellan Lyase and its Gene Enzymatic Depolymerization System for Gellan in Bacillus sp. GL1 Concluding Remarks Direct Uptake System for Macromolecules Common Rules for Polysaccharide Lyase Processing Structure and Evolution of Sugar-metabolizing Enzymes Functions of Bacterial Exopoly- and Oligosaccharides Outlook and Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords: exopolysaccharide; biofilm; Sphingomonas; Bacillus; alginate; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; xanthan; Xanthomonas campestris; gellan; Sphingomonas paucimobilis; polysaccharide lyase; biodegradation; cell surface; pit; macromolecule import; ABC transporter; crystal structure; post-translational processing; autoprocessing; multiplicity of genetic information