On the materials for reversible HVDC sea electrodes: a comparison aimed at their correct selection

Over the last years the use of HVDC transmission has been constantly increasing worldwide. Furthermore, new converters based on IGBT (called VSC converters) are spreading. This fact leads to develop reversible sea electrodes, as the direction of the current may frequently change. In this paper, we would like to clarify the subject, especially examining in detail the materials that can be used to effectively manufacture deep-sea return electrodes that can be operated with minimal or no maintenance over their life.