Linguistic Issues in the Machine Transliteration of Chinese, Japanese and Arabic Names

The romanization of non-Latin scripts is a complex computational task that is highly language dependent. This presentation will focus on three of the most challenging nonLatin scripts: Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic (CJA). Much progress has been made in personal name machine-transliteration methodologies, as documented in the various NEWS reports over the last several years. Such techniques as phrase-based SMT, RNN-based LM and CRF have emerged, leading to gradual improvements in accuracy scores. But methodology is only one aspect of the problem. Equally important is the high level of ambiguity of the CJA scripts, which poses special challenges to named entity extraction and machine transliteration. These difficulties are exacerbated by the lack of comprehensive proper noun dictionaries, the multiplicity of ambiguous transcription schemes, and orthographic variation. This presentation will clear up the differences between three basic concepts -transliteration, transcription, and romanization -that are a source of much confusion, even among computational linguists, and will focus on (1) the major linguistics issues, that is, the special characteristics of the CJA scripts that impact machine transliteration, and (2) the important role played by lexical resources such as personal name dictionaries. A major issue in romanizing Simplified Chinese (SC) is the one-to-many ambiguity of many characters (polyphones), such as /le/ and /yue/ for 乐. To disambiguate accurately, the names must be looked up in word-level (not character-level) name mapping tables. This is complicated by (1) the presence of orthographic variants in traditional Chinese (TC), and (2) the need to for cross-script conversion between (SC) and (TC), Transcription into Chinese is even more ambiguous, since some phonemes can correspond to dozens of characters. A major characteristic of Japanese, a highly agglutinative language, is the presence of countless orthographic variants. The four Japanese scripts interact in a complex way, resulting in okurigana variants (取り扱い, 取扱い, 取扱 etc. for /toriatsukai/), crossscript variants (猫, ねこ, ネコ for /neko/), kanji variants (大幅 and 大巾 for /oohaba/), kana variants (ユーザー and ユーザ for /yuuza(a)/), and more. Another issue is the numerous kun and nanori readings (some kanji have dozens) and the various romanization systems in current use, such as the Hepburn, Kunrei and hybrid systems.