Creating and Managing Knowledge in Design by 'Standing on The Shoulders of Giants'

management in the costume design process: (i) sustainability, (ii) consistency, (iii) convertibility, (iv) immediacy, and (v) shareability. The last article contributed American pair authors, Kim and under the title ’Galois lattices-based formal design concept analysis for crowdsourcing design ‘. The work rests on the three pillars identified in the title. The Galois-lattice is a graphical method of representing knowledge structures. The abstract structure of G-lattice consists of a partially ordered set in which every two elements have a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet). The nodes of G-lattices represent all the possible concepts in a given body of knowledge in the sense that a notion defines a set of individuals or properties with no exceptions or idiosyncrasies. As a recent development, design has become supported by crowdsourcing. The vast knowledge created and contributed by crowds enhances a wide exploration and utilization of design ideas. However, (i) the limited amount of information called ‘scarcity’, (ii) non-guaranteed quality of contributions, and (iii) similar or contradicting contributions made by unspecified participant groups made it difficult to systematically analyze and reuse design concepts. This article presents a formal analysis method for design concepts generated by crowdsourcing design activities. To enable the formal design concept analysis, first a design feature taxonomy was developed by considering crowdsourcing design environment. In this taxonomy, various design features and participant evaluation features were constructed. The Galois lattice-based formal concept analysis was employed as a design concept analysis method. The pivot power case was used to show that the presented method was applicable to a practical crowdsourcing design environment. Finally, precision and recall tests were conducted through a focus group interview and the results from the design analysis without and with the participant evaluation were compared. As a scientific contribution, a formal design analysis method was introduced in this article to represent and extract concepts from crowdsourcing design activities. Since the proposed method can generate concepts from the sparse pieces of data or information, one of the major constraints of crowdsourcing design – namely, limited amount of information - can be eased. This research also showed that setting up