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摘要

“俄罗斯从它的膝盖上站起来”(对克里姆林宫精英的历史政策的评论)作者着重于对俄罗斯联邦领导层的历史政策的反思。自普京执政初期以来,这一领域的活动就很明显,在普京再次担任总统(2012年)后,这一活动变得尤为激烈,导致建立了一些“社会”机构,试图促进官方对历史的看法,试图干涉学校和大学课程,反对“历史伪造者”的运动,并对促进对国家历史的不同解释的组织(例如纪念馆)采取镇压措施。俄罗斯建制派的主要代表开始积极参与创造官方对过去的看法:除了专横的普京,议会议长、政府部长,甚至原子能和情报机构的负责人也热衷于就历史问题发表看法。这场运动的重点是宣传“俄罗斯世界”(Russkiy mir)的理念,指的是“三位一体的俄罗斯民族”(包括白俄罗斯人和乌克兰人)的教义,得到莫斯科宗主教区的积极支持,其吸引力仅因吞并克里米亚而受到严重损害。在这篇文章中,作者分析了普京的主要历史声明,特别关注他2019-2022年的演讲,其特点是对西方(包括波兰)毫不掩饰的怨恨和对乌克兰的敌意。作者认为,从历史的角度来看,普京的论点是19世纪大俄罗斯沙文主义的邪恶传统内容的混合体,否认乌克兰人拥有民族意识和语言的权利,以及近年来在俄罗斯精英中流行的观点因此,乌克兰的民族和国家地位既年轻又人为,就好像它是19世纪最后几十年意识形态意义上的发明,又像是政治意义上的共产主义时代的人为建构,它的存在完全归功于苏联的领导。对这位俄罗斯总统的主要出版物和演讲的分析清楚地表明,他自己的知识水平有限,他的知识基础也很差。作者认为,在相对较短的时间内,为普京的宣传服务的历史已经沦为战术层面上使用的政治工具,这与克里姆林宫精英对政治的看法非常吻合,他们认为政治更像是一场临时的操作游戏,而不是战略规划的主题。
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„Rosja powstaje z kolan” — uwagi o polityce historycznej kremlowskiej elity
“Russia rises from its knees” (remarks on the historical policy of the Kremlin elite) The author focuses in his reflections on the historical policy of the Russian Federation’s leadership. Activities in this area, evident since the early days of Putin’s rule, became particularly intense after Putin assumed the presidency again (2012), resulting in the establishment of a number of “social” institutions seeking to promote the official vision of history, in an attempt to interfere with school and university curricula, a campaign against “falsifiers of history” and repressive measures against organisations promoting a different interpretation of the country’s history (e.g. Memorial). Leading representatives of the Russian establishment became actively involved in creating the official vision of the past: in addition to the arbitrary Putin, parliament speakers, government ministers and even the heads of the atomic and intelligence agencies were keen to speak on historical issues as well. Prominence in this campaign was given to the propaganda of the idea of a “Russian world” (Russkiy mir), referring to the dogma of a “triune Russian nation” (including the Belarusians and the Ukrainians), actively supported by the Moscow Patriarchate, the appeal of which was strongly compromised only by the annexation of Crimea. In the article the author analyses Putin’s main historical statements, with a particular focus on his 2019–2022 speeches, characterised by undisguised resentment towards the West (including Poland) and hostility towards Ukraine. According to the author, from the historical point of view, Putin’s arguments are a mixture of contents taken from the sinister traditions of nineteenth-century Great Russian chauvinism, denying the Ukrainians the right to a national consciousness and language, and the views — fashionable in recent years among the Russian elite — whereby the national and state status of Ukraine is as young as it is artificial, as if it were an invention in the ideological sense of the last decades of the nineteenth century, and in the political sense — an artificial construct of the communist era, owing its existence solely to the leadership of the USSR. An analysis of the main publications and speeches of the Russian president clearly demonstrates the modest level of his own knowledge and the poor qualifications of his intellectual base. According to the author, history in the service of Putin’s propaganda has been reduced to a political instrument to be used on the tactical level, in the relatively short term, which corresponds well to the Kremlin elite’s perception of politics more as an ad hoc operational game than a subject of strategic planning.
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Obraz Ukrainy i Ukraińców we współczesnych polskich podręcznikach historii dla szkół podstawowych Warszawa — Konstantynopol — Ankara. Turecki kierunek aktywności prometejskiej dyplomacji polskiej (na marginesie książki: Iurii Chainskyi, Walka za kulisami dyplomacji międzywojennej. Turcja w polskiej polityce prometejskiej w latach 1918–1932, Studium Europy Wschodniej UW, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Sprostowanie do artykułu: Tomasz Strzembosz, Konspiracja na ziemi augustowskiej pod okupacją radziecką (1939–1941), „Przegląd Historyczny”, LXXXIII, 1992, 4, s. 667–705 „Rosja powstaje z kolan” — uwagi o polityce historycznej kremlowskiej elity Instrukcja sejmiku województwa kijowskiego na sejm 1646 r.
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