Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and pathologic changes in surrounding bone and periarticular tissue. The disease process results in pain and dysfunction of affected joints and is a major cause of disability in the general population. Prognosis is variable; greater muscle strength, mental health, self-efficacy, social support, and aerobic exercise are associated with better outcomes. This review outlines the classification of osteoarthritis (primary and secondary) and its epidemiology and etiologic factors, including risk factors, normal articular cartilage, and pathologic changes. Diagnosis is reviewed in terms of general considerations and specific joint involvement and related complications. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Management of osteoarthritis includes nonpharmacologic measures, pharmacologic therapy, surgery, and disease-modifying or chondroprotective therapy.  This review contains 6 figures, 8 tables, and 84 references. Keywords: Knee, hand, hip, osteoarthritis, joint pain, synovial fluid, inflammation, weight-bearing