A comprehensive well to wheel analysis of plug-in vehicles and renewable energy resources from cost and emission viewpoints

In recent years, greenhouse gas emission has become a critical issue for the international community. In this regard, transportation and electricity industries as main sources of this pollution have been taken into consideration widely. Increase in equipment's efficiency and using and developing new technologies such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), EVs with vehicle-togrid capability, referred to as “gridable vehicles” (GVs), and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are recommended as solutions for solving the emission problem. Charging EVs from grid increases grid load, especially the peak load. This increase in load will consequently increase the amount of energy losses, fuel cost of power generation, need for initial investment, and power plant emissions. Thus, to any decision making, it is important to study and analyze all important effective factors simultaneously. In this paper, EVs and RESs penetration in power system is investigated in terms of economics/environment. A multi-objective optimization is applied to a ten-unit system to find the optimal cost and well to wheel emission simultaneously. In order to have a more accurate and close to realistic survey, an extended model of Wind Farm (WF) cost function is employed in power dispatch calculations.