General Conclusion

The sociology of jihadism in Europe is manifold: • It is a sociology of humiliation, stigmatization, hatred, and resentment, particularly within impoverished, ethnic neighborhoods where poverty, relative frustration, and internalized indignity are rampant, amplified by a victimized imaginary. • It is also a sociology of revolt against an unjust world, first of all by lower classes, mostly of migrant origin, left behind in late capitalist societies, but also by fragile middle classes threatened by social decline and uncertainty about their future. Their imagination attributed to IS a capacity to promote their social status and restore justice that was more a matter of fantasy than reality....