亚洲国家能源转型的特点

T. I. Gorkina
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引用次数: 0

摘要

当前世界能源工业的发展阶段正与第四次工业革命相一致,其特点是生活方式的改变和以研发为基础的新技术的引入。环境污染已达到大规模,因此必须改变现代燃料和能源平衡结构,向可再生能源和非传统能源倾斜。亚洲各国经济发展水平参差不齐,很难在亚洲建立一个一体化的能源市场。在运用传统经济地理学方法进行多尺度分析的基础上,阐述了按经济发展水平划分的国家类型。这些国家的温室气体排放总量居世界首位,几乎占排放到环境中的污染物的60%。亚洲国家的燃料和能源平衡的特点是煤炭占比高,这导致了大规模的环境污染。根据国际惯例,非洲国家制定了减少煤炭使用、向低碳能源转型的减排计划。能源转型可以主要在拥有必要财政资源的亚洲主要国家进行。大多数亚洲国家都处于工业化的早期阶段,能源转型在这个阶段几乎是不可能的,因为他们使用能源密集型的工业技术。阻止气候变化的迫切需要与不断增长的能源消耗相冲突。亚洲已经成为世界能源消耗的领导者,因为它不仅发生在工业领域,也发生在公用事业领域,因为42亿人(占世界城市人口的50%以上)居住在城市。中国已经成为引进可再生能源的领导者,中国已经制定并实施了新的环境标准,通过加快新的零排放发电厂的投产,到2060年实现碳中和。拒绝使用煤炭可能会加剧亚洲的社会经济问题,因为煤炭在燃料和能源平衡中所占的比例很高,而且该行业雇用的人数众多。为符合可持续发展目标,亚洲国家基于本国的比较优势,尝试引进可再生能源。
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF ENERGY TRANSITION IN ASIAN COUNTRIES
The current stage of development of the world energy industry is taking place in line with the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the changing ways of life and the introduction of new technologies based on R&D. Environmental pollution has reached a large scale, and as a result it has become necessary to change the structure of modern fuel and energy balance in favor of renewable and non-traditional energy sources. Asian countries vary widely in terms of the level of economic development, making it difficult to create an integrated energy market in Asia. A typology of countries according to the level of economic development was elaborated on the basis of a multi-scale analysis using traditional methods of economic geography. In total these countries rank first in the world in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for almost 60% of pollutants released into the environment. The fuel and energy balance of Asian countries is characterized by a high proportion of coal, which contributes to the large-scale environment pollution. In accordance with international practice, the countries of the continent adopted energy programs aimed at lesser emissions by reducing the share of coal and switching to low-carbon energy sources. The energy transition can take place primarily in the leading Asian countries that have necessary financial resources. Most Asian countries are at the early stages of industrialization, and the energy transition is almost impossible at this stage because they use energy-intensive industrial technologies. The urgent need to stop climate change comes into conflict with rising energy consumption. Asia has become the world’s leader in energy consumption, as it takes place not only in industry, but also in the utility sector, because 4.2 billion people, or more than 50% of the world’s urban population, live in cities. China has become a leader in the introduction of renewable energy sources, the country has developed and implements new environmental standards that will achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 through the accelerated commissioning of new zero-emission power plants. The rejection of coal could aggravate socio-economic problemsof Asia because of its high share in the fuel and energy balance and the large number of people employed in the industry. In line with the sustainable development goals, the Asian countries try to introduce renewable energy sources based on the local comparative advantages.
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