Punjabi-English Literary Translation: Challenges and Possibilities

Translation activity in modern Punjab predominantly flows ‘downstream’ from other languages into Punjabi, with comparatively little output of translated works from Punjabi into other languages. Despite this, the translation of Punjabi literature into English has created a valuable space for dialogue between languages and cultures. This article presents a synoptic view of the problems, principles, and possibilities involved in Punjabi-English literary translation. It explores different translation theories and approaches commonly used in Punjabi-English literary translation, highlighting critical studies available in both Punjabi and English.