民族之矛(MK): 1961-1993年非国大的武装派别

A. Lissoni
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摘要

民族之矛于1961年由南非非洲人国民大会(ANC)和南非共产党(SACP)的领导人发起,在1993年解散之前一直是ANC的军事派别。MK武装斗争的最初阶段包括由一小群特工破坏政府设施和其他种族隔离政权的象征。在种族隔离国家日益加剧的镇压下,由于得到非洲和社会主义国家的支持,MK采取了游击战的战略,因为武装斗争在解放斗争中发挥着日益重要的作用,尽管军队被理解为政治工作的延伸,即与政治斗争和政治组织的复兴有关。地缘政治的限制使MK无法发动传统的游击战,从20世纪70年代开始,MK调整了战略,转向武装宣传和人民战争。虽然关于MK在南非解放中的作用的辩论往往被简化为军事战略和行动的相对成功或失败,但MK的历史仍然是后种族隔离时代的一个敏感话题,无论是象征性的还是在其队伍中服役的数千人的生活中都具有重要意义,其中包括妇女,他们在其存在的三十年中加入并参与了MK。
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Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK): The ANC’s Armed Wing, 1961–1993
Launched in 1961 by leaders of the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa and the South African Communist Party (SACP), Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) was the military wing of the ANC until its disbandment in 1993. The initial stage of MK’s armed struggle involved sabotage against government installations and other symbols of the apartheid regime by a small group of operatives. Under increasing repression by the apartheid state, and thanks to the support received from African and socialist countries, MK adopted a strategy of guerrilla warfare as armed struggle assumed an increasingly central role in the liberation struggle, although the military was understood as an extension of political work, that is, linked to the reinvigoration of political struggle and organizations. Geopolitical constraints prevented MK from waging a conventional guerrilla war, and from the 1970s MK adjusted its strategy by turning to armed propaganda and people’s war. While debates on the role of MK in South Africa’s liberation are often reduced to the relative success or failure of military strategy and action, the history of MK remains a sensitive topic post-apartheid, carrying significant weight both symbolically and in the lives of thousands of people who served in its ranks, including women, who joined and participated in MK throughout the three decades of its existence.
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