Jacek Maria Norkowski
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摘要

蒙特利尔会议(2012年)将死亡定义为“永久丧失意识和永久丧失所有脑干功能”。这一定义试图将所有类型的死亡纳入其范围,这些死亡可以归结为一种现象。这一定义是基于1968年哈佛报告中的假设,该报告将死亡定义为不可逆转的昏迷。这种对待死亡的方式受到了一些医生、哲学家、神学家、律师、记者和宗教界的批评。在大多数国家,这些抗议被国家立法机构和有影响力的媒体所忽视,导致对神经死亡标准和后来引入的心脏死亡标准没有明显的社会反对。然而,在一些国家,立法规定了反对这些死亡标准的可能性,这使得任何不同意这些标准的人都可以避免宣布死亡。日本和美国新泽西州为此目的制定了法定解决办法,可作为其他国家的榜样。与此同时,事实并非如此,世界上大多数国家的社会实际上都强加了20-40%甚至更多公民不同意的死亡定义和标准。这损害了他们的公民权利,因此需要改变,特别是因为人们希望进一步修改法律,使同意通过器官捐赠死亡(器官捐赠死亡)合法化。反过来,这将意味着对以下原则的公开质疑:我们不会为了拯救一些病人而杀死一些病人,医生的使命只是治愈病人,而不是杀死他们。
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Czy to naprawdę nieważne, jak definiujemy śmierć?
The Montreal conference (2012) adopted the definition of death as „permanent loss of conscious- ness and permanent loss of all brainstem functions”. This definition aspires to cover with its scope all types of death that could be reduced to this definition as a phenomenon. This definition is based on the assumptions contained in the Harvard Report of 1968, which defined death as an irreversible coma. This approach to death has been criticized by some doctors, philosophers, theologians, lawyers, journalists and religious circles. In most countries, these protests were ignored by state legislation and the influential media, resulting in no apparent social opposition to the neurological criteria for death and the later introduced cardiac death criteria. In some countries, however, the legislation provides for the possibility of objecting to these death criteria, which allows them to be avoided for declaring death by anyone who disagrees with them. Japan and the state of New Jersey in the United States have developed statutory solutions for this purpose that could be an example for other countries. Meanwhile, this is not the case and the societies of most countries in the world have in effect imposed definitions and criteria of death with which 20–40% or even more citizens do not agree. This undermines their civil rights and therefore needs to be changed, especially since there is a desire for further legal changes that would legalize consent to death by organ donation (death by organ donation). This in turn would mean an open questioning of the principle that we do not kill some patients in order to save others, and the mission of doctors is only to heal patients, not to kill them.
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