Paweł Kubicki, Karolina Czerska-Shaw, Fiorenzo Fantuz
The article analyses the role of international migrants in the process of globalisation and cosmopolitisation of “globalising cities”, taking so-called secondary cities as its point of reference in the study of Kraków and Poznań. We posit that the role of migrants in the dual processes of globalisation and cosmopolitisation is contingent on the way in which the city itself has historically gone through the process of ‘globalising’, particularly in how the public sphere has been developed. In the case of the post-Fordist city (Kraków), which developed through the service and creative industries, these processes are more intensive, and migrants themselves are drivers of change. This is not as evident in Fordist-model cities like Poznań that have also experienced migration flows, but where the positioning of migrants in the public sphere is marginal. The findings in the article are based on two research projects, the first from Krakow entitled “The Relationship Between Foreigners and Public Services and the Development of ‘Nighbourliness’ in a ‘Globalizing’ City: A Case Study of Kraków”, and the second within the framework of a doctoral project realised in the Doctoral School of Social Sciences of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.
{"title":"Kapitał społeczny miasta globalizującego się. Studium przypadku Krakowa i Poznania","authors":"Paweł Kubicki, Karolina Czerska-Shaw, Fiorenzo Fantuz","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the role of international migrants in the process of globalisation and cosmopolitisation of “globalising cities”, taking so-called secondary cities as its point of reference in the study of Kraków and Poznań. We posit that the role of migrants in the dual processes of globalisation and cosmopolitisation is contingent on the way in which the city itself has historically gone through the process of ‘globalising’, particularly in how the public sphere has been developed. In the case of the post-Fordist city (Kraków), which developed through the service and creative industries, these processes are more intensive, and migrants themselves are drivers of change. This is not as evident in Fordist-model cities like Poznań that have also experienced migration flows, but where the positioning of migrants in the public sphere is marginal. The findings in the article are based on two research projects, the first from Krakow entitled “The Relationship Between Foreigners and Public Services and the Development of ‘Nighbourliness’ in a ‘Globalizing’ City: A Case Study of Kraków”, and the second within the framework of a doctoral project realised in the Doctoral School of Social Sciences of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123125176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to expand knowledge of the relationship between mindfulness trait and coping styles in stressful situations, taking into account gender differences. Based on previous research findings, it was expected that mindfulness would be positively associated with Active Coping and Seeking Support styles and negatively associated with Avoidant Coping and Helplessness styles. In addition, differences in levels of mindfulness and coping styles were expected between women and men, as well as a moderating effect of gender on the relationship between mindfulness and coping styles. The study included 259 participants. The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory in the short version and the Mini-CO PE Inventory were used. A positive correlation was observed between the level of mindfulness and strategies from the Active coping group. A negative correlation between mindfulness and Helplessness strategies was also found. The results also showed that women had significantly lower levels of the mindfulness trait and a greater tendency to use the Support Seeking, Avoidant Behavior, and Helplessness styles than men. In addition, women with higher mindfulness had a lower tendency to use the Helplessness style, while this relationship was not significant for men. The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and stress coping by gender.
{"title":"Uważność a radzenie sobie ze stresem u kobiet i mężczyzn","authors":"Maja Stańko-Kaczmarek, Łukasz Kardasz, Joanna Koza, Małgorzata Piwońska, Wiktoria Siwińska, Karolina Sokołowska","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.8","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to expand knowledge of the relationship between mindfulness trait and coping styles in stressful situations, taking into account gender differences. Based on previous research findings, it was expected that mindfulness would be positively associated with Active Coping and Seeking Support styles and negatively associated with Avoidant Coping and Helplessness styles. In addition, differences in levels of mindfulness and coping styles were expected between women and men, as well as a moderating effect of gender on the relationship between mindfulness and coping styles. The study included 259 participants. The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory in the short version and the Mini-CO PE Inventory were used. A positive correlation was observed between the level of mindfulness and strategies from the Active coping group. A negative correlation between mindfulness and Helplessness strategies was also found. The results also showed that women had significantly lower levels of the mindfulness trait and a greater tendency to use the Support Seeking, Avoidant Behavior, and Helplessness styles than men. In addition, women with higher mindfulness had a lower tendency to use the Helplessness style, while this relationship was not significant for men. The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and stress coping by gender.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122812573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Marek Nowak, krzysztof Bierwiaczonek, Wprowadzenie redaktorów tomu. Inspiracja i zaproszenie do dyskusji o socjologii miasta [introduction by the editors of the volume. inspiration and invitation to a discussion about the urban sociology] edited by Marek Nowak, krzysztof Bierwiaczonek, „człowiek i społeczeństwo” vol
{"title":"Wprowadzenie redaktorów tomu. Inspiracja i zaproszenie do dyskusji o socjologii miasta","authors":"M. Nowak, Krzysztof Bierwiaczonek","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.1","url":null,"abstract":". Marek Nowak, krzysztof Bierwiaczonek, Wprowadzenie redaktorów tomu. Inspiracja i zaproszenie do dyskusji o socjologii miasta [introduction by the editors of the volume. inspiration and invitation to a discussion about the urban sociology] edited by Marek Nowak, krzysztof Bierwiaczonek, „człowiek i społeczeństwo” vol","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116337078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Upper Silesian conurbation is a unique area in Poland due to its polycentric nature, expressed in the interaction of a group of cities. The paper describes the transformation of the image of the “metropolis” in the Silesian Voivodeship, addressing the issues of complex relations between the cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area. The results of the qualitative content analysis of strategic programs of the municipalities participating in the metropolitan union since 2017 highlighted two main categories of the concept of “metropolis” – a chance and a threat. Then, the selected aspects shaping the identity of the institution of metropolitan management were demonstrated based on the regional press discourse analysis. Thus, this paper explores a path of metropolitan integration of the municipalities in the face of the emergence of a new metropolitan institution – from rivalry tendencies based on the historical and cultural divisions of the region and the revival of local identities to conciliatory attitudes.
{"title":"Od metropolii podzielonej do metropolii zjednoczonej – kształtowanie się tożsamości instytucji metropolitalnego zarządzania w kontekście relacji miast górnośląskiego obszaru metropolitalnego","authors":"Zuzanna Neuve-Église","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.4","url":null,"abstract":"The Upper Silesian conurbation is a unique area in Poland due to its polycentric nature, expressed in the interaction of a group of cities. The paper describes the transformation of the image of the “metropolis” in the Silesian Voivodeship, addressing the issues of complex relations between the cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area. The results of the qualitative content analysis of strategic programs of the municipalities participating in the metropolitan union since 2017 highlighted two main categories of the concept of “metropolis” – a chance and a threat. Then, the selected aspects shaping the identity of the institution of metropolitan management were demonstrated based on the regional press discourse analysis. Thus, this paper explores a path of metropolitan integration of the municipalities in the face of the emergence of a new metropolitan institution – from rivalry tendencies based on the historical and cultural divisions of the region and the revival of local identities to conciliatory attitudes.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126520545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia (Metropolis GZM) is the first metropolitan association operating in Poland according to the Act. It includes 41 municipalities of various sizes, administrative statuses and affiliations to cultural regions. This situation poses a significant challenge for integrating municipalities and residents of the Metropolis GZM. The article presents an analysis of selected social dimensions of intra-metropolitan diversity, taking into account the size structure of the municipality and the cultural heterogeneity of the Metropolis GZM. The empirical point of reference was a secondary analysis of data from original and co-authored research conducted in the metropolitan area in the last ten years and publicly available data from public sources. Their analysis revealed, on the one hand, the durability of symbolic boundaries (including phantom ones), the emerging new divisions (between new and rooted inhabitants of peripheral metropolitan municipalities), and, on the other hand, the deepening functional integration of the municipalities and inhabitants belonging to Metropolis GZM.
{"title":"Puzzle górnośląsko-zagłębiowskie. Społeczne uwarunkowania funkcjonowania Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii","authors":"Krzysztof Bierwiaczonek","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.3","url":null,"abstract":"Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia (Metropolis GZM) is the first metropolitan association operating in Poland according to the Act. It includes 41 municipalities of various sizes, administrative statuses and affiliations to cultural regions. This situation poses a significant challenge for integrating municipalities and residents of the Metropolis GZM. The article presents an analysis of selected social dimensions of intra-metropolitan diversity, taking into account the size structure of the municipality and the cultural heterogeneity of the Metropolis GZM. The empirical point of reference was a secondary analysis of data from original and co-authored research conducted in the metropolitan area in the last ten years and publicly available data from public sources. Their analysis revealed, on the one hand, the durability of symbolic boundaries (including phantom ones), the emerging new divisions (between new and rooted inhabitants of peripheral metropolitan municipalities), and, on the other hand, the deepening functional integration of the municipalities and inhabitants belonging to Metropolis GZM.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131516582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents a critical approach to Sztuka życia według Marka Aureliusza. Rozmyślania nad „Rozmyślaniami” by Dominika Budzanowska-Weglenda (Wydawnictwo Naukowe UKSW, Warszawa 2016). It discusses the main theses presented in the dissertation and invites to reflection on the stoic philosophy of Marcus Aurelius.
这篇文章以批判的方式介绍了《Sztuka życia według Marka Aureliusza》。Rozmyślania nad "Rozmyślaniami"》（Wydawnictwo Naukowe UKSW，华沙，2016 年）。该书讨论了论文中提出的主要论点，并引人思考马库斯-奥勒留的斯多葛哲学。
{"title":"Marka Aureliusza filozofia życia","authors":"M. Błaszczyk","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.9","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a critical approach to Sztuka życia według Marka Aureliusza. Rozmyślania nad „Rozmyślaniami” by Dominika Budzanowska-Weglenda (Wydawnictwo Naukowe UKSW, Warszawa 2016). It discusses the main theses presented in the dissertation and invites to reflection on the stoic philosophy of Marcus Aurelius.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126114044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Article analyses the case study of Luboń, a town of 30,000 people neighbouring Poznań. It addresses the issue of socio-spatial identity. The concept of the socio-spatial identity of a city is analysed on the basis of traditional conceptualisations but also with reference to a system theory, which makes it possible to look at the functioning of a city from its own perspective (the notion of „autopoiesis”). In addition to an understanding of the system, this curates a historical perspective in the analysis of contemporary urban functioning. The authors of the text ask three research questions: about the sense of connection to the city, about the place of the space of Luboń in the everyday practices of its inhabitants, and the ideas of the city’s inhabitants about themselves (self-image of a Luboń resident). The conclusions from the analysis of the empirical material are aimed at describing the barriers to the articulation of the identity of the city’s inhabitants inherent in the developmental characteristics of satellite towns in a specific social and institutional context. The study is based on a 3-year research project carried out at the Faculty of Sociology of Adam Mickiewicz University with the participation of students, as part of a student internship, in cooperation with a researcher from Poznań University of Economics and Business. The project involved two questionnaire surveys and qualitative research based on secondary data analyses, expert interviews and focus group interviews, and research walks between 2021 and 2022.
{"title":"Tożsamość społeczno-przestrzenna miasta satelitarnego. Przykład Lubonia koło Poznania","authors":"M. Nowak, A. Bernaciak","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.5","url":null,"abstract":"Article analyses the case study of Luboń, a town of 30,000 people neighbouring Poznań. It addresses the issue of socio-spatial identity. The concept of the socio-spatial identity of a city is analysed on the basis of traditional conceptualisations but also with reference to a system theory, which makes it possible to look at the functioning of a city from its own perspective (the notion of „autopoiesis”). In addition to an understanding of the system, this curates a historical perspective in the analysis of contemporary urban functioning. The authors of the text ask three research questions: about the sense of connection to the city, about the place of the space of Luboń in the everyday practices of its inhabitants, and the ideas of the city’s inhabitants about themselves (self-image of a Luboń resident). The conclusions from the analysis of the empirical material are aimed at describing the barriers to the articulation of the identity of the city’s inhabitants inherent in the developmental characteristics of satellite towns in a specific social and institutional context. The study is based on a 3-year research project carried out at the Faculty of Sociology of Adam Mickiewicz University with the participation of students, as part of a student internship, in cooperation with a researcher from Poznań University of Economics and Business. The project involved two questionnaire surveys and qualitative research based on secondary data analyses, expert interviews and focus group interviews, and research walks between 2021 and 2022.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122006917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jakub Isański, Szymon Kupiński, Mateusz Leszkowicz, Wojciech Andrzejewski, Adam Bykowski
Our study aimed to present amateur sports models during the CO VID-19 restrictions on outdoor activities. We used mixed research methods: the questionnaire research data and information available through wearable devices. We investigate physical activity phenomena based on questionnaire results and existing data from a popular social networking site. Firstly, we asked respondents about their training types, rhythm, and preferences in using new technologies (wearables devices and social networks to upload and share results) in individual physical activity practices. Secondly, we also used a collection of over 11 thousand photos of 3138 users, with metadata downloaded from Instagram to compare declarations and content. The obtained data were processed using machine learning and Python software. Analyzing the results, we showed a change in the intensity of practicing three selected types of activity. We also analyzed the data set (photos, tags, and metadata) from a social network. The conclusions show the potential of triangulation of methods and data to describe the amateur physical activity and the change of these practices during CO VID-19 limitations in indoor and outdoor sports.
{"title":"Outdoor fitness activity under COVID-19 restrictions. Wearable devices, images, and posts as sources of information on users","authors":"Jakub Isański, Szymon Kupiński, Mateusz Leszkowicz, Wojciech Andrzejewski, Adam Bykowski","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.7","url":null,"abstract":"Our study aimed to present amateur sports models during the CO VID-19 restrictions on outdoor activities. We used mixed research methods: the questionnaire research data and information available through wearable devices. We investigate physical activity phenomena based on questionnaire results and existing data from a popular social networking site. Firstly, we asked respondents about their training types, rhythm, and preferences in using new technologies (wearables devices and social networks to upload and share results) in individual physical activity practices. Secondly, we also used a collection of over 11 thousand photos of 3138 users, with metadata downloaded from Instagram to compare declarations and content. The obtained data were processed using machine learning and Python software. Analyzing the results, we showed a change in the intensity of practicing three selected types of activity. We also analyzed the data set (photos, tags, and metadata) from a social network. The conclusions show the potential of triangulation of methods and data to describe the amateur physical activity and the change of these practices during CO VID-19 limitations in indoor and outdoor sports.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134382657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to explore the subject of place attachment and connected factors (such as social trust, attachment style and anxiety) in the context of enforced isolation caused by world pandemic COVID-19. For this purpose a longitudinal study was conducted, in the first part of which 127 people were examined, and 35 in second. During the survey were used: Place Attachment Scale, General Trust Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, and STAI -X1 Questionnaire. The study confirmed the negative relationship between place attachment and anxiety: the higher the level of anxiety, the lower the strength of place attachment. This relationship was also found to be stable over time and significant during both the first and third lockdown.
{"title":"Psychologiczne uwarunkowania przywiązania do miejsca: zaufanie społeczne, styl przywiązania i lęk. Badanie longitudinalne w okresie pandemii COVID-19","authors":"Julia Boińska, Monika Obrębska","doi":"10.14746/cis.2023.55.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2023.55.6","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to explore the subject of place attachment and connected factors (such as social trust, attachment style and anxiety) in the context of enforced isolation caused by world pandemic COVID-19. For this purpose a longitudinal study was conducted, in the first part of which 127 people were examined, and 35 in second. During the survey were used: Place Attachment Scale, General Trust Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, and STAI -X1 Questionnaire. The study confirmed the negative relationship between place attachment and anxiety: the higher the level of anxiety, the lower the strength of place attachment. This relationship was also found to be stable over time and significant during both the first and third lockdown.","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122010804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Montreal conference (2012) adopted the definition of death as „permanent loss of conscious- ness and permanent loss of all brainstem functions”. This definition aspires to cover with its scope all types of death that could be reduced to this definition as a phenomenon. This definition is based on the assumptions contained in the Harvard Report of 1968, which defined death as an irreversible coma. This approach to death has been criticized by some doctors, philosophers, theologians, lawyers, journalists and religious circles. In most countries, these protests were ignored by state legislation and the influential media, resulting in no apparent social opposition to the neurological criteria for death and the later introduced cardiac death criteria. In some countries, however, the legislation provides for the possibility of objecting to these death criteria, which allows them to be avoided for declaring death by anyone who disagrees with them. Japan and the state of New Jersey in the United States have developed statutory solutions for this purpose that could be an example for other countries. Meanwhile, this is not the case and the societies of most countries in the world have in effect imposed definitions and criteria of death with which 20–40% or even more citizens do not agree. This undermines their civil rights and therefore needs to be changed, especially since there is a desire for further legal changes that would legalize consent to death by organ donation (death by organ donation). This in turn would mean an open questioning of the principle that we do not kill some patients in order to save others, and the mission of doctors is only to heal patients, not to kill them.
{"title":"Czy to naprawdę nieważne, jak definiujemy śmierć?","authors":"Jacek Maria Norkowski","doi":"10.14746/cis.2022.54.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/cis.2022.54.5","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The Montreal conference (2012) adopted the definition of death as „permanent loss of conscious- ness and permanent loss of all brainstem functions”. This definition aspires to cover with its scope all types of death that could be reduced to this definition as a phenomenon. This definition is based on the assumptions contained in the Harvard Report of 1968, which defined death as an irreversible coma. This approach to death has been criticized by some doctors, philosophers, theologians, lawyers, journalists and religious circles. In most countries, these protests were ignored by state legislation and the influential media, resulting in no apparent social opposition to the neurological criteria for death and the later introduced cardiac death criteria. In some countries, however, the legislation provides for the possibility of objecting to these death criteria, which allows them to be avoided for declaring death by anyone who disagrees with them. Japan and the state of New Jersey in the United States have developed statutory solutions for this purpose that could be an example for other countries. Meanwhile, this is not the case and the societies of most countries in the world have in effect imposed definitions and criteria of death with which 20–40% or even more citizens do not agree. This undermines their civil rights and therefore needs to be changed, especially since there is a desire for further legal changes that would legalize consent to death by organ donation (death by organ donation). This in turn would mean an open questioning of the principle that we do not kill some patients in order to save others, and the mission of doctors is only to heal patients, not to kill them.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":444061,"journal":{"name":"Człowiek i Społeczeństwo","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126847513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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