历史重演:世界各地的和平与民主力量无力阻止1930年代后半期爆发一场全球性战争

V. Pavlenko, Oleksandr Komarenko
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摘要

本文对20世纪30年代下半叶欧洲乃至世界所确立的国际政治形势进行了考察。作者将20世纪20年代和30年代进行了比较,指出30年代带来了一系列的军事冲突,世界各地都出现了对新的世界大战的恐惧。应注意国际联盟的不作为,它未能在1936年至1938年期间确保集体安全政策。人们特别注意到绥靖政策和英国和法国在这一政策中的作用,它们不希望使局势陷入军事对抗。文章指出,到20世纪30年代中期,德国开始了攻势,并为自己设定了在欧洲取得霸权的目标。该书特别关注西方国家对希特勒侵略政策的反应,以及对苏联和莫斯科在第二次世界大战前夕所采取的政策的评价。报告指出,在1938-1939年期间,世界政策日益集中于某些区域,这些区域的冲突数量和强度急剧增加。确定了1938年9月慕尼黑会议的作用和在协定签署后国际事务的主动权完全转移到希特勒手中的事实。分析了慕尼黑阴谋后英法两国的政策;它解释了为什么伦敦和巴黎首先考虑的是个人安全。本文用一个特别的地方来解释为什么现有的国际体系不再能够保证世界秩序,为什么战争变得不可避免。作者得出的结论是,虽然希特勒在第二次世界大战前夕取得了外交斗争的胜利,但他并没有最终成为胜利者。
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HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF: THE INABILITY OF THE FORCES OF PEACE AND DEMOCRACY AROUND THE WORLD TO PREVENT THE OUTBREAK OF A PLANETARY WAR IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 1930S
In this paper the international political situation, which was established in Europe and in the world in the latter half of the 30s of the 20th century, is investigated. The authors draw a comparison between the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, pointing out that the 30s brought a series of military conflicts, as well as say that the fear of a new great war has been appeared throughout the world. Attention is drawn to the inactivity of the League of Nations, which failed to ensure a collective security policy between 1936 and 1938. Special attention has been drawn to the appeasement policy and the role of Great Britain and France in this policy, who did not want to bring the situation to military confrontation. It is pointed out that by the mid-1930s Germany went on the offensive and set itself the goal of achieving supremacy in Europe. Special attention is drawn to the reaction of Western countries to Hitler’s aggressive policy, as well as the actions of the Soviet Union and the policy carried out by Moscow on the eve of World War II are assessed. It is stated that in 1938-1939 the world policy increasingly focused on particular regions, where the conflict number and intensity were increasing sharply. The role of the Munich Conference in September 1938 and the fact that the initiative in international affairs was completely transferred to A. Hitler upon the signing of the agreement are determined. The policy of Great Britain and France after the Munich Conspiracy is analysed; it is explained why London and Paris thought primarily about personal security. A special place in this paper is given to the explanation of why the existing international system could no longer ensure the world order and why war becomes inevitable. The authors come to the conclusion that although Hitler managed to win the diplomatic struggle on the eve of World War II, but he did not finally become a triumphant.
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