Ionospheric scattering effects in long-distance propagation

A stati stical th co ry of t hc behavio r of rays scattcrcd at succcssivc ionosphcric rcAcctions in propagatin g a round a spheri cal earth is givcn. Thc t hro ry prcdicts thc propcrt ic of the a ntipodal a rca, thc deviaLion of bcarin g to be expccted at placcs o r-r the main trans mi tti ng bCil ll1 and thc spI'cad of t hc in co min g fan of rays at a ll d i tanccs . Specia l propcrLi es a ppeal' to be associated with reception at an angul a r di stancc o f a bout 255 0 from t he t ra n mittel'. The eff ccts of a n a bsorbin g r cgion on t ilt' rccrivcd dircction a nd spread of m ys a rc di scusscd .