A cri tical exa mination has bcen made of the electrical co ndu ct ivity valu es ass igned, for radio propagation purposes, to t he waters of the Great Lakes. Discrepa ncies between co nductivi ty values measured in t he laboratory and t hose deduced from fi eld s t rength measurements are shown to have been t he resul t of both expenmental error and the use of faul ty standard t heoretical fi eld strength cmves. The latter source of errol' is the result of e rror in thc standard curves t hemselves and lll t he usc of a d lelectn c cons tant of 15 for overwater propagation. Condu ctivi ty valu es derived frOl.n laboratory m easuremen ts of water sa mples are sign ifi ca ntly d ifferent from those published In co nd uc!,lvlty maps. Lal:ge seasonal var iat ions in conductivity, approac hi ng a factor of two 11l some cases, a rc a slgnlfi cant complicating fac tor.
{"title":"Electrical conductivity of the Great Lakes","authors":"L. Doherty","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.078","url":null,"abstract":"A cri tical exa mination has bcen made of the electrical co ndu ct ivity valu es ass igned, for radio propagation purposes, to t he waters of the Great Lakes. Discrepa ncies between co nductivi ty values measured in t he laboratory and t hose deduced from fi eld s t rength measurements are shown to have been t he resul t of both expenmental error and the use of faul ty standard t heoretical fi eld strength cmves. The latter source of errol' is the result of e rror in thc standard curves t hemselves and lll t he usc of a d lelectn c cons tant of 15 for overwater propagation. Condu ctivi ty valu es derived frOl.n laboratory m easuremen ts of water sa mples are sign ifi ca ntly d ifferent from those published In co nd uc!,lvlty maps. Lal:ge seasonal var iat ions in conductivity, approac hi ng a factor of two 11l some cases, a rc a slgnlfi cant complicating fac tor.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134200710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In st ud yin g t he t il ted ion osphere, i t is often useful to consider t he action of a n eq ui valen t re fl ecting mirror as a n approx imate substit u te for t he mor e complex ref ract in g layer of l' il'ctrons . Although t he an alogy is crude, it p ermi ts relatively eas.v co mpu tation of resuHs whi ch pr ovide in sight in to t he action of t he real ionosphere. Us ing t he mirror a nalogy, t he effect of a t il ted ionosp here on a rad io wave has bee n calculat ed for a wide range of ti lt a ngles a nd directions w it hou t approx im a tions. T hl' resul ts a re prese nted on eight charts, each of whic h is calculated for t.wo p ar t icu lar valu l's of the p arameters which m ust be fi xed prior to calculation (mirror h eigh t a nd the d istan ce from tran smitter to t he poin t on the ear th ben eath lhe mirror) . Examples o f chart usc an d impli cations for longra nge JI F transmission are a lso disc ussed.
{"title":"Chart for determining the effects of ionospheric tilts using an idealized model","authors":"T. Croft, R. B. Fenwick","doi":"10.6028/jres.067d.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.067d.074","url":null,"abstract":"In st ud yin g t he t il ted ion osphere, i t is often useful to consider t he action of a n eq ui valen t re fl ecting mirror as a n approx imate substit u te for t he mor e complex ref ract in g layer of l' il'ctrons . Although t he an alogy is crude, it p ermi ts relatively eas.v co mpu tation of resuHs whi ch pr ovide in sight in to t he action of t he real ionosphere. Us ing t he mirror a nalogy, t he effect of a t il ted ionosp here on a rad io wave has bee n calculat ed for a wide range of ti lt a ngles a nd directions w it hou t approx im a tions. T hl' resul ts a re prese nted on eight charts, each of whic h is calculated for t.wo p ar t icu lar valu l's of the p arameters which m ust be fi xed prior to calculation (mirror h eigh t a nd the d istan ce from tran smitter to t he poin t on the ear th ben eath lhe mirror) . Examples o f chart usc an d impli cations for longra nge JI F transmission are a lso disc ussed.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130493249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rad iat ion fields of a magnetic line source axially oriented on a conducting cylinder which is in a plasma environ ment have been analytically determined. The plasma environment is taken to be a seri es of homogeneous cylindrical layers none of which is contiguous with the cylin der . It is demonstrated t hat a quite significa nt d istortion of t he field pattern is e ffected by t he prese nce of a lossless plasma sheath. Characteristics of t he rad iat ion fields are discussed a nd rad iation pattern s, computed in a pla ne t hrough t he axis of the cylinder and the line source, a re presen ted. The patterns are found to have large narrow amplitude flu ctuatio ns t hat can be attributed to lea ky waves.
{"title":"RADIATION THROUGH CYLINDRICAL PLASMA SHEATHS","authors":"J. Harris","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.073","url":null,"abstract":"The rad iat ion fields of a magnetic line source axially oriented on a conducting cylinder which is in a plasma environ ment have been analytically determined. The plasma environment is taken to be a seri es of homogeneous cylindrical layers none of which is contiguous with the cylin der . It is demonstrated t hat a quite significa nt d istortion of t he field pattern is e ffected by t he prese nce of a lossless plasma sheath. Characteristics of t he rad iat ion fields are discussed a nd rad iation pattern s, computed in a pla ne t hrough t he axis of the cylinder and the line source, a re presen ted. The patterns are found to have large narrow amplitude flu ctuatio ns t hat can be attributed to lea ky waves.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116101857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the index of refraction of air, the absorption and dispersion of centimeterwaves by gases","authors":"G. Boudouris","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125434764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In t his pa per the gamm a fa mily of probability dist ribu t ions is st udied in co nn cction wit h t he dist ri bution of hourly median received power or transmission loss. By tak in g a mixture of R ay leigh di st ri but ions with gamm a distri butions as mixing d ist ribu t ions th e long-term distr ibutions of instantaneous sign al power are t heoreticall y deri ved . These di st ribu tions arc eva luated in closed fo rm under seve ra l hy potheses . T he qu estio n of estim atin g t he parameters is discussed. Graphs a nd tab les arc prepared to facilitate t he a ppli cation of t he theory to t he data.
本文结合每小时接收功率或传输损耗中位数的分布，研究了每小时接收功率或传输损耗中位数的概率分布。达克在g R ay利迪圣国际扶轮的混合物但离子与gamm distri butions混合d是ribu t离子瞬时信号的长期分配ibutions al t heoreticall y德里ved权力。这些分布是在几种不同的假设下以封闭形式进行评估的。讨论了参数估计的问题。图和表是为了方便理论对数据的应用而准备的。
{"title":"Families of distributions for hourly median power and instantaneous power of received radio signals","authors":"M. M. Siddiqui, G. Weiss","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.076","url":null,"abstract":"In t his pa per the gamm a fa mily of probability dist ribu t ions is st udied in co nn cction wit h t he dist ri bution of hourly median received power or transmission loss. By tak in g a mixture of R ay leigh di st ri but ions with gamm a distri butions as mixing d ist ribu t ions th e long-term distr ibutions of instantaneous sign al power are t heoreticall y deri ved . These di st ribu tions arc eva luated in closed fo rm under seve ra l hy potheses . T he qu estio n of estim atin g t he parameters is discussed. Graphs a nd tab les arc prepared to facilitate t he a ppli cation of t he theory to t he data.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134529560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Equations for the radia t ion field of an arbi trary distribu tion of source curren ts embedd ed in a lossless magneto-ionic medium and radiating at a frequ ency that is high relative to t he electron gyrofrequ eney of the medium are der ived using t he QL approximation . The field is given directly in terms of the components of radiation vector determined by an integrat ion over the source currents. The application of t he equation s to arrays of s imilar sources is discussed.
{"title":"Radiation in a lossless magneto-ionic medium at frequencies high relative to the electron gyrofrequency","authors":"J. W. Marini","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.072","url":null,"abstract":"Equations for the radia t ion field of an arbi trary distribu tion of source curren ts embedd ed in a lossless magneto-ionic medium and radiating at a frequ ency that is high relative to t he electron gyrofrequ eney of the medium are der ived using t he QL approximation . The field is given directly in terms of the components of radiation vector determined by an integrat ion over the source currents. The application of t he equation s to arrays of s imilar sources is discussed.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128786815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Class ical approx imate predi ctions of t he a bsorp tion fun ction A(w) fo r several ionospheri c electron de nsity N and collision frequ ency v models deri ved from t hi s expression are fi rst reviewed . It is then shown t hat by solvin g t he above in tegral equation, one can establish a n explicit r elationship between Nand p at a ny height from a measured kn owledge of t he ab orp tion fun ction A(w) as a function of ca rr ier frequ ency w. Thu s, a knowledge of t he electron density profil e can be used to reco nstru ct t he collision frequency profi le a nd co nversely. It is shown t hat t he usual assump t ion A(w) = Aowz correspo nds to a n impossible ionospheri c model. Several exa mples a re given to ill ustrate t he a na lyt ical in version techni que a nd to in dicate its sensit ivity to low freq uen cy port ions of the measured a bso rption fun ction.
{"title":"Inversion of radiowave absorption data to establish ionospheric properties. I. Nondeviative absorption","authors":"A. Wheelon","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.071","url":null,"abstract":"Class ical approx imate predi ctions of t he a bsorp tion fun ction A(w) fo r several ionospheri c electron de nsity N and collision frequ ency v models deri ved from t hi s expression are fi rst reviewed . It is then shown t hat by solvin g t he above in tegral equation, one can establish a n explicit r elationship between Nand p at a ny height from a measured kn owledge of t he ab orp tion fun ction A(w) as a function of ca rr ier frequ ency w. Thu s, a knowledge of t he electron density profil e can be used to reco nstru ct t he collision frequency profi le a nd co nversely. It is shown t hat t he usual assump t ion A(w) = Aowz correspo nds to a n impossible ionospheri c model. Several exa mples a re given to ill ustrate t he a na lyt ical in version techni que a nd to in dicate its sensit ivity to low freq uen cy port ions of the measured a bso rption fun ction.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126449623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A radiometeorological study, part II. An analysis of VHF field strength variations and refractive index profiles","authors":"B. Bean, V. Frank, J. Lane","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123645162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is proposed t ha t so me diffraction problems can be conve nie n tl~r solved by a d irect numerical in tegrat ion of t he Fresnel-Kirchhoff formu la. T Il(' required properties of t he diffrac t ion screen are represe nted by a series of numbers which ca n be eithe r regula r and periodic, or partially random. The necessa ry limits and in teg ratio n inte rvals are co ns idered. and the method is found t o be con venien t for Fresnel diffraction a nd fo r ir regulari t ies not too large compared t o the wavelength . Both deep a nd shallow modulation can be t reated. The acc Llracy of t he computat ions is verified in a simple case of sin usoida l mod ulat ion, and some new results a re deri ved for rando m p hase screens.
{"title":"A numerical approach to the solution of radio diffraction problems","authors":"J. Hargreaves, S. Hargreaves","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.070","url":null,"abstract":"It is proposed t ha t so me diffraction problems can be conve nie n tl~r solved by a d irect numerical in tegrat ion of t he Fresnel-Kirchhoff formu la. T Il(' required properties of t he diffrac t ion screen are represe nted by a series of numbers which ca n be eithe r regula r and periodic, or partially random. The necessa ry limits and in teg ratio n inte rvals are co ns idered. and the method is found t o be con venien t for Fresnel diffraction a nd fo r ir regulari t ies not too large compared t o the wavelength . Both deep a nd shallow modulation can be t reated. The acc Llracy of t he computat ions is verified in a simple case of sin usoida l mod ulat ion, and some new results a re deri ved for rando m p hase screens.","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128357001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R ecently some lunar theories b ased on the use of s tatistical theor y h ave been questi~ned [Siegal ?-nd Senior, 1962], even though mo~t o ~ th e .th eoretlCal work in the field of the determlllatIOn of planetary surface roughness h as b een statistically orien ted [Davies 1954 ; Cooper 1958; H ayre and M oore 1961 ; Hayr e 1961 and 1962; Winters 1962 ; E vans 1963; Millman 1963, etc. ], L ater on, E vans [1963] published so me fur th er da ta on lunar ech oes to show that lunar theories employing statistical theory offer feasible r esults. This is another simple illus tration of the direct use of the s ta tisti cal theory in surface roughness studies by r adar. A naturally occLUTing rough sur face may b e described eith er by infinitesimally closely spaced contour maps or b j; i ts statistical properties . . Wi thout much ado, i t is apparen t that the la t ter l~ probably the most logical and compact way 111 the absen ce of any other exact descrip tion unless some other form of microscopic scale descrip tion is n eeded. Almost any rough sUl'face can b e sh o,:n to have a probability density function. of its he~ghts, and a height-distance autocorrelatIOn functIOn, It has been previously shown [Hayre, 1961] that a large number of naturally occurring rough ?ur~aces may be said to have their heights normally dlstnbuted above and below their mean v alue. It has also been shown that an exponential h eight-distance autocovariance function seems to describe m any such cases, or
最近，一些基于统计理论的月球理论受到了质疑[Siegal ? and Senior, 1962]，尽管目前在行星表面粗糙度测定领域的研究工作主要以统计为导向[Davies, 1954;库珀1958;H ayre and M moore 1961;海耶尔1961年和1962年;温特斯1962;E vans 1963;米尔曼(Millman, 1963)等]，后来，范斯(E vans, 1963)发表了50篇关于月球的数据，表明利用统计理论的月球理论提供了可行的结果。这是雷达在表面粗糙度研究中直接使用统计理论的另一个简单例子。一个自然遮挡的粗糙表面可以用无限紧密间隔的等高线图来描述;它的统计性质。很明显，除非需要某种其他形式的微观尺度的描述，否则没有任何其他精确的描述，这可能是最合乎逻辑、最紧凑的方式。几乎任何粗糙的曲面都可以用o，:n来表示概率密度函数。先前的研究[Hayre, 1961]表明，大量自然产生的粗糙地表的高度通常分布在其平均v值的上方和下方。还表明，指数h八距离自协方差函数似乎可以描述m任何此类情况，或
{"title":"Statistical methods in radar astronomy. Determination of surface roughness","authors":"H. Hayre","doi":"10.6028/JRES.067D.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6028/JRES.067D.077","url":null,"abstract":"R ecently some lunar theories b ased on the use of s tatistical theor y h ave been questi~ned [Siegal ?-nd Senior, 1962], even though mo~t o ~ th e .th eoretlCal work in the field of the determlllatIOn of planetary surface roughness h as b een statistically orien ted [Davies 1954 ; Cooper 1958; H ayre and M oore 1961 ; Hayr e 1961 and 1962; Winters 1962 ; E vans 1963; Millman 1963, etc. ], L ater on, E vans [1963] published so me fur th er da ta on lunar ech oes to show that lunar theories employing statistical theory offer feasible r esults. This is another simple illus tration of the direct use of the s ta tisti cal theory in surface roughness studies by r adar. A naturally occLUTing rough sur face may b e described eith er by infinitesimally closely spaced contour maps or b j; i ts statistical properties . . Wi thout much ado, i t is apparen t that the la t ter l~ probably the most logical and compact way 111 the absen ce of any other exact descrip tion unless some other form of microscopic scale descrip tion is n eeded. Almost any rough sUl'face can b e sh o,:n to have a probability density function. of its he~ghts, and a height-distance autocorrelatIOn functIOn, It has been previously shown [Hayre, 1961] that a large number of naturally occurring rough ?ur~aces may be said to have their heights normally dlstnbuted above and below their mean v alue. It has also been shown that an exponential h eight-distance autocovariance function seems to describe m any such cases, or","PeriodicalId":398550,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section D: Radio Propagation","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122011519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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