Filling process in an open tank

A numerical simulation for a filling process in an open tank is performed in this paper. A single set of governing equations is employed for the entire physical domain covering both water and air regions. The great density jump and the surface tension existing at the free surface are properly handled with the extended weighting function scheme and the NAPPLE algorithm. There is no need to smear the free surface. Through the use of a properly defined boundary condition, the method of "extrapolated velocity" is seen to provide accurate migrating velocity for the free surface, especially when the water front hits a comer or a vertical wall. Such a methodology does not pose to the Courant criterion, and thus allows large time steps. The numerical results show that when the water impinges upon a comer, a strong pressure gradient forms in the vicinity of the stagnation point. This forces the water to move upward along the vertical wall. The water eventually falls down and generates a gravity wave. These findings are seen to excellently agree with an existing experiment for the free surface evolution and the corresponding total water volume inside the tank. Due to its accuracy and simplicity, the present numerical method is believed to have good performances for simulating viscous free surface flow in industrial and environmental problems such as die-casting, cutting with water jet, gravity wave on sea surface, and many others.