Attitudes and Practices of Insecticide Treated Bed Nets Usage among Rural Dwellers in Oyo State, Nigeria

Aim: Malaria, a life-threatening disease transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, continues to be a significant public health issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was aimed at understanding the attitudes and practices regarding the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) among rural dwellers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Methodology: The study adopted a cross-sectional design. The questionnaire was developed based on the objectives of the study. Sample size was calculated using the Fisher’s formula. The minimum sample size was 278 and was adjusted to 306 to account for non-response rate of 10%. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was employed to select the participants. Results: The primary understanding of the purpose of ITNs was prevention of mosquito bites (59.67%), and prevention of malaria (40.33%). However, only 74% believed that ITNs could effectively prevent malaria and just 66% considered ITNs safe for use. The practice of ITN usage was quite high, with 93% of respondents possessing ITNs in their households. ITNs were obtained predominantly through free distribution (49%) or purchase (29.67%). Use of ITNs varied among participants, with 28.67% always using it, 41% often using it, and 7% never using it. The reasons for not always using ITNs included discomfort sleeping under it (49%) and perceptions of heat (30%). An analysis of the factors affecting the usage of ITNs indicated a significant association with the age, marital status, level of education, knowledge of ITNs, and beliefs about ITN's effectiveness and safety. The usage of ITNs was particularly low among younger respondents, those who were single or widowed/divorced/separated, those with no formal education or primary education, and those who were unaware of ITNs or did not believe in their effectiveness or safety. Conclusion: This study reveals a gap between knowledge and practice in ITN use, with significant barriers being discomfort and a lack of belief in the effectiveness of ITNs. While ownership rates are high, usage rates, especially consistent usage, is low. This was due to misconceptions, especially around the efficacy and safety of ITNs. Moreover, maintenance practices are suboptimal.