7. 北大西洋贸易组织

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摘要

讨论15世纪末和16世纪德国北部城市的北大西洋贸易组织,应该首先评估在贸易(非正式)组织中活跃的商人协会(Fahrergesellschaften)和兄弟会。汉堡的冰岛商人圣安妮协会(Islandfahrerbroderschop)尤其在北大西洋贸易的史学中受到了极大的关注,它的记录是研究这一贸易的主要资料来源。然而,对被认为是汉堡独有的共济会的研究却遇到了许多困惑,这与这类机构的一般性质有关。兄弟会(broderschoppen)首先是宗教团体,是中世纪晚期欧洲的一种普遍现象。在汉堡大约有100个;大多数宗教场所(修道院和教堂)都能容纳10人以上。这些兄弟会都有相似的目标,首先也是最重要的是举行弥撒,纪念死去的兄弟会成员,以及组织他们的葬礼。除此之外,几乎所有的兄弟会都忙于慈善事业,支持穷人,定期施舍,支持医院。从事特定职业的成员,特别是海员,经常成立兄弟会,特别是在北方
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7. The organisation of the North Atlantic trade
Discussion of the organisation of the North Atlantic trade in the northern German cities in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries should start with an assessment of the merchant societies (Fahrergesellschaften) and confraternities active in the (informal) organisation of the trade. The Confraternity of St Anne of the Iceland Merchants in Hamburg (Islandfahrerbroderschop) in particular has received a great deal of attention in the historiography of the North Atlantic trade, and its records are central sources for the study of this trade. However, the study of the confraternity, which is deemed unique to Hamburg, is met with much confusion, which is related to the general nature of these kinds of institutions. Confraternities (broderschoppen) were in the first place religious corporations, a common phenomenon in late medieval Europe. In Hamburg there were about 100 of them; most religious houses (monasteries and churches) hosted ten or more. These confraternities all had similar goals, first and foremost the celebration of masses and the remembrance of dead members of the confraternity (memoria), as well as the organisation of their funerals. Next to this, almost all confraternities were occupied with charity by supporting the poor, giving alms on regular days, and supporting hospitals. Members of specific occupations, notably seafarers, often founded confraternities, especially in northern
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Appendix D: North Atlantic merchants from Bremen in the sixteenth century Register of persons and places 6. Overview of harbours in Iceland 9. Deutsche Zusammenfassung Frontmatter
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