Defect tolerance at the end of the roadmap

As feature sizes shrink closer to single digit nanometer dimensions, defect tolerance will become increasingly important. This is true whether the chips are manufactured using top-down methods, such as photolithography, or bottom-up assembly processes such as Chemically Assembled Electronic Nanotechnology (CAEN). In this chapter, we examine the consequences of this increased rate of defects, and describe a defect tolerance methodology centered around reconfigurable devices, a scalable testing method, and dynamic place-and-route. We summarize some of our own results in this area as well as those of others, and enumerate some future research directions required to make nanometer-scale computing a reality.