Evaluation of compact CARSA sensor and penetration depth of EM signal for non-invasive blood glucose measurement

Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) has been suggested as a possible approach for non-invasive glycaemia monitoring. In this procedure, a radiating antenna is used as a sensor to measure the change in impedance due to blood glucose level fluctuation. The type and orientation of the sensor considerably influence the reading and hence the indicated blood glucose level and its accuracy. We propose a novel concentric annular ring slot antenna (CARSA) as a sensor and evaluate the influence of penetration depth on non-invasive glycaemia monitoring using DS. Results demonstrated 40 times increment in sensitivity of DS measurements using CARSA compared with earlier studies.