Systematic Recurrence of Murders and Disappearances in Democratic Brazil

In the post-transition period, Brazil has experienced extremely high levels of lethal violence, perpetrated by both criminal groups and public security forces, which has primarily targeted poor black youths. Despite this high level of violence in a democracy, state agencies persist in their failure to carry out effective measures to reduce and prevent systematic death and disappearance, and to investigate and prosecute homicides and disappearances that victimise this population. Evidence of summary execution and enforced disappearance, moreover, indicate that the Brazilian state is also responsible for a significant portion of these crimes. In response, public authorities have recently adopted a public discourse of crime prevention that exempts police from being held accountable for killing criminal suspects and even encouraging the murder of those criminal suspects during police operations. This chapter argues that the systematic death and disappearance of these civilian populations may be seen conceptually as a crime against humanity, as defined in the Rome Statute. While prior to 2019 it was possible to argue that the killing of poor black youths constituted a policy of omission, after that year evidence suggests that Brazilian security agents have crossed a threshold into actively committing a systematic crime against humanity against citizens.