Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0014
Leigh A. Payne, Hunter Johnson
The visual image is a powerful tool for mobilisation. This chapter identifies four key aspects behind its potency, each illustrated with contemporary and historical examples. First, the ‘medium is the message’ asserts that the photograph itself undermines the logic of the disappeared as ‘disposable peoples’. To be photographed is to be important, worth recording. The photo creates an emotional bond as the observer looks into the eyes of the missing person, a deep feeling, a sense of knowing. Second, ‘seeing is believing’: the visual image of the disappeared and disappearances validate, inform, confirm, and produce an inventory of disappearance. It thus challenges denial of the phenomenon. Third, the ‘disruption and emptiness’ of disappearance are marked by visual images. Chairs without students, bicycles without riders, silhouettes, photographs of family members who did not return home, appear in public spaces shocking out of complacency the false sense of safety disappearance happens to others – a kind of distancing that blames the victims for their own disappearance. Fourth, the visual image is a ‘weapon of the weak’, easy and inexpensive to reproduce and distribute widely -- locally and internationally -- to urge societies to see, to care, to help. The powerful tool of visual image is thus available to even the most marginalised in society to promote solidarity among victims and within broader, including international, communities. Through this tool, a deep personal story of loss is told that is shown to be not an isolated event, but a broader phenomenon. Visual image has the potential to correct misunderstanding of disappearances and to mobilise behind the demand for ‘never again’.
{"title":"The Visual Image as a Tool of Power","authors":"Leigh A. Payne, Hunter Johnson","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The visual image is a powerful tool for mobilisation. This chapter identifies four key aspects behind its potency, each illustrated with contemporary and historical examples. First, the ‘medium is the message’ asserts that the photograph itself undermines the logic of the disappeared as ‘disposable peoples’. To be photographed is to be important, worth recording. The photo creates an emotional bond as the observer looks into the eyes of the missing person, a deep feeling, a sense of knowing. Second, ‘seeing is believing’: the visual image of the disappeared and disappearances validate, inform, confirm, and produce an inventory of disappearance. It thus challenges denial of the phenomenon. Third, the ‘disruption and emptiness’ of disappearance are marked by visual images. Chairs without students, bicycles without riders, silhouettes, photographs of family members who did not return home, appear in public spaces shocking out of complacency the false sense of safety disappearance happens to others – a kind of distancing that blames the victims for their own disappearance. Fourth, the visual image is a ‘weapon of the weak’, easy and inexpensive to reproduce and distribute widely -- locally and internationally -- to urge societies to see, to care, to help. The powerful tool of visual image is thus available to even the most marginalised in society to promote solidarity among victims and within broader, including international, communities. Through this tool, a deep personal story of loss is told that is shown to be not an isolated event, but a broader phenomenon. Visual image has the potential to correct misunderstanding of disappearances and to mobilise behind the demand for ‘never again’.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114168523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0010
Sergio Maldonado, Germán Maldonado, Stella Peloso, E. Maldonado
Santiago Maldonado disappeared on 1 August 2017 in the Argentine province of Chubut, while participating in a public act in defense of the indigenous Mapuche Pu Lof community’s land rights. The protest was repressed by the National Gendarmerie. He was disappeared for 78 days. This chapter presents the public letters that Santiago Maldonado's two brothers and parents addressed to him while he was missing and after his lifeless body was found. The letters reflect the deep emotional impact of disappearance and the barriers families face in accessing justice. They express the family’s distress at not knowing Santiago's whereabouts, the pain of losing him, and their struggle for the truth against a set of mechanisms aimed at hiding it. With the strong support of the public, the family managed to reverse the official denial of Santiago’s disappearance that had revictimised him and them.
{"title":"Letters for Santiago","authors":"Sergio Maldonado, Germán Maldonado, Stella Peloso, E. Maldonado","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Santiago Maldonado disappeared on 1 August 2017 in the Argentine province of Chubut, while participating in a public act in defense of the indigenous Mapuche Pu Lof community’s land rights. The protest was repressed by the National Gendarmerie. He was disappeared for 78 days. This chapter presents the public letters that Santiago Maldonado's two brothers and parents addressed to him while he was missing and after his lifeless body was found. The letters reflect the deep emotional impact of disappearance and the barriers families face in accessing justice. They express the family’s distress at not knowing Santiago's whereabouts, the pain of losing him, and their struggle for the truth against a set of mechanisms aimed at hiding it. With the strong support of the public, the family managed to reverse the official denial of Santiago’s disappearance that had revictimised him and them.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"32 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131125892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0017
Michael W. Chamberlin
In 2017, the International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH), supported by 100 other organisations, submitted a communication to the ICC detailing crimes committed against the civilian population from 2009-16 in the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, Mexico, including murder, illegal imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, and sexual violence. This chapter explains the procedural and substantive basis of their complaint as a model for others who may seek the ICC’s involvement in the investigation and prosecution a pattern of enforced disappearances.
{"title":"Using the International Criminal Court to Denounce Disappearances: Crimes against Humanity in Coahuila, Mexico","authors":"Michael W. Chamberlin","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, the International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH), supported by 100 other organisations, submitted a communication to the ICC detailing crimes committed against the civilian population from 2009-16 in the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, Mexico, including murder, illegal imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, and sexual violence. This chapter explains the procedural and substantive basis of their complaint as a model for others who may seek the ICC’s involvement in the investigation and prosecution a pattern of enforced disappearances.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115497942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0012
Wilson
Wilson (pseudonym) recounts the story of the disappearance and struggle to find his partner’s son. He shows the everyday forms of abuse by state authorities of suspected gang members and their families that can end in disappearance. He also explains the efforts family members take to try to find their disappeared relatives and the constraints they face in doing so. These barriers are imposed by state authorities and gangs. Against these odds, Wilson expresses how hope, solidarity with other relatives of the disappeared, and organisations of victims keep families motivated in their struggle.
{"title":"Wilson’s Testimony: Abuse of Authority","authors":"Wilson","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Wilson (pseudonym) recounts the story of the disappearance and struggle to find his partner’s son. He shows the everyday forms of abuse by state authorities of suspected gang members and their families that can end in disappearance. He also explains the efforts family members take to try to find their disappeared relatives and the constraints they face in doing so. These barriers are imposed by state authorities and gangs. Against these odds, Wilson expresses how hope, solidarity with other relatives of the disappeared, and organisations of victims keep families motivated in their struggle.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123586981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0020
Silvana Mandolessi
This book fills an important gap on research devoted to disappearances in democratic contexts. It connects present-day disappearances with ‘classic’ disappearances committed during Latin America’s past authoritarian regimes and armed conflicts. Through its conceptual framework, case studies and description of ‘tools,’ the book applies knowledge of the region’s past to explain today’s violations. The editors emphasise the continuities in the practice of disappearances between both periods, including its clandestine nature, its targeting of 'disposable' populations, its links to the political economy of development; and its utility in establishing social control through ambiguous loss. The book also urges a rethinking of the state’s responsibility for disappearances under international law. Instead of allowing states to deny accountability for disappearances by private actors, the book argues that, in contexts of impunity and generalized violence, the state’s failure to search or to investigate is enough to prove acquiescence. The book provides an insightful and multidimensional picture of the phenomenon, significantly contributing to an enhanced understanding of the multiple ways in which disappearances continue to occur in democratic countries. It also offers a toolbox of best practices for civil society actors who continue to fight against disappearances, in Latin America and beyond.
{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"Silvana Mandolessi","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This book fills an important gap on research devoted to disappearances in democratic contexts. It connects present-day disappearances with ‘classic’ disappearances committed during Latin America’s past authoritarian regimes and armed conflicts. Through its conceptual framework, case studies and description of ‘tools,’ the book applies knowledge of the region’s past to explain today’s violations. The editors emphasise the continuities in the practice of disappearances between both periods, including its clandestine nature, its targeting of 'disposable' populations, its links to the political economy of development; and its utility in establishing social control through ambiguous loss. The book also urges a rethinking of the state’s responsibility for disappearances under international law. Instead of allowing states to deny accountability for disappearances by private actors, the book argues that, in contexts of impunity and generalized violence, the state’s failure to search or to investigate is enough to prove acquiescence. The book provides an insightful and multidimensional picture of the phenomenon, significantly contributing to an enhanced understanding of the multiple ways in which disappearances continue to occur in democratic countries. It also offers a toolbox of best practices for civil society actors who continue to fight against disappearances, in Latin America and beyond.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128227852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0018
S. Serrano
The chapter explains the approach taken toward disappearances by the mechanisms that comprise the Inter-American System of Human Rights. Inter-American jurisprudence is a tool that is not only useful in litigation within the regional system but also constitutes a fundamental tool which can be adapted for domestic litigation and the construction of public policies in the countries in the region. The chapter argues that the institutional history of the Inter-American System has been shaped by victims and their families as well as by a human rights movement that was itself forged in the struggle against the gravest human rights violations of authoritarian regimes, which were often committed against political opponents. Today that system serves to respond to the new wave of disappearances in post-transitional contexts.
{"title":"Forced Disappearances in the Inter-American Human Rights System","authors":"S. Serrano","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter explains the approach taken toward disappearances by the mechanisms that comprise the Inter-American System of Human Rights. Inter-American jurisprudence is a tool that is not only useful in litigation within the regional system but also constitutes a fundamental tool which can be adapted for domestic litigation and the construction of public policies in the countries in the region. The chapter argues that the institutional history of the Inter-American System has been shaped by victims and their families as well as by a human rights movement that was itself forged in the struggle against the gravest human rights violations of authoritarian regimes, which were often committed against political opponents. Today that system serves to respond to the new wave of disappearances in post-transitional contexts.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122784518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0008
J. Amadeo, Raiane Patrícia Severino Assumpção
In this chapter, the authors seek to analyse the manifestations of state violence in Brazil in the post-transition period following the 1964-1985 authoritarian regime. First, some of the possible causes of violence in the country are briefly discussed, highlighting elements of a structural nature and others related to the legacy of the authoritarian period. In a second section, the so-called May Crimes of 2006, are examined, in which execution, slaughter, and disappearance took place. A third section of the chapter examines the process of social mobilisation that occurred as a response to these crimes, particularly the strategy used by the families of victims to appeal to the Inter-American human rights system to seek justice after frustrated efforts for investigation and justice within the country.
{"title":"State Violence in Brazil: Execution, Slaughter, and Disappearance in the Post-Authoritarian Era","authors":"J. Amadeo, Raiane Patrícia Severino Assumpção","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the authors seek to analyse the manifestations of state violence in Brazil in the post-transition period following the 1964-1985 authoritarian regime. First, some of the possible causes of violence in the country are briefly discussed, highlighting elements of a structural nature and others related to the legacy of the authoritarian period. In a second section, the so-called May Crimes of 2006, are examined, in which execution, slaughter, and disappearance took place. A third section of the chapter examines the process of social mobilisation that occurred as a response to these crimes, particularly the strategy used by the families of victims to appeal to the Inter-American human rights system to seek justice after frustrated efforts for investigation and justice within the country.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134179631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0013
M. Méndez
Around 17,000 Salvadorans have disappeared in the third decade of the post-conflict period (2010-2020). This number more than doubles the estimated 8,000 people who disappeared during the Salvadoran Civil War (1980-1992). Despite its astounding scale, the phenomenon of disappearance in El Salvador has garnered little attention from the international community and has yet to be fully examined. This chapter redresses this invisibility by contrasting a top-down and a bottom-up view on the phenomenon. According to state government officials, disappearances primarily occur at the hands of the Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18 gangs. Those inhabiting the peripheries of El Salvador and suffering the deep psychological impact of having a missing relative also hold transnational gangs responsible. However, they connect the phenomenon to abuses by state forces and to complex entanglements between state agents and gangs. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in El Salvador in 2018, this chapter argues that the new generation of disappearances in El Salvador must be analysed in relation to a broader continuum of state violations and state-criminal relations. It also points to the crucial need to engage the perspectives of relatives of the disappeared to make fuller sense of the phenomenon
{"title":"A New Generation of Disappearances: Gangs and the State in El Salvador","authors":"M. Méndez","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Around 17,000 Salvadorans have disappeared in the third decade of the post-conflict period (2010-2020). This number more than doubles the estimated 8,000 people who disappeared during the Salvadoran Civil War (1980-1992). Despite its astounding scale, the phenomenon of disappearance in El Salvador has garnered little attention from the international community and has yet to be fully examined. This chapter redresses this invisibility by contrasting a top-down and a bottom-up view on the phenomenon. According to state government officials, disappearances primarily occur at the hands of the Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18 gangs. Those inhabiting the peripheries of El Salvador and suffering the deep psychological impact of having a missing relative also hold transnational gangs responsible. However, they connect the phenomenon to abuses by state forces and to complex entanglements between state agents and gangs. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in El Salvador in 2018, this chapter argues that the new generation of disappearances in El Salvador must be analysed in relation to a broader continuum of state violations and state-criminal relations. It also points to the crucial need to engage the perspectives of relatives of the disappeared to make fuller sense of the phenomenon","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122432975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0016
R. Huhle
The chapter discusses the urgent humanitarian interventions of the two bodies within the UN system dedicated to the protection of human rights related to the issue of (en)forced disappearance: The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) and the Committee on Enforced Disappearance (CED). It explains the ‘urgent actions’ of both bodies in light of their respective origins and mandates and describes in detail the procedures, working methods and results of these ‘urgent actions’ that have become central to their work.
{"title":"‘Urgent Actions’ for the Search for Disappeared Persons in the Specialised Bodies of the United Nations","authors":"R. Huhle","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter discusses the urgent humanitarian interventions of the two bodies within the UN system dedicated to the protection of human rights related to the issue of (en)forced disappearance: The Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) and the Committee on Enforced Disappearance (CED). It explains the ‘urgent actions’ of both bodies in light of their respective origins and mandates and describes in detail the procedures, working methods and results of these ‘urgent actions’ that have become central to their work.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"s5-35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130681277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter aims to evaluate and share the knowledge gained on disappearances in Argentina from the period of State Terrorism to the democratic context. The widespread enforced disappearances that took place under State Terrorism, and the cases of police brutality and disappearances that have occurred since the democratic transition, have prompted the authors to consider the contrasts and the continuities from the dictatorship (1976-1983) to the present period of democratic rule. Disappearances continue to occur in which the state is involved in some way, but these do not meet the strict legal definition of enforced disappearances. They are the result of the lack of extensive institutional reforms and the continuity of bureaucratic designs since the dictatorship ended. By analysing the cases of disappearances of Luciano Arruga in 2009 and Santiago Maldonado in 2017, the chapter demonstrates that contemporary disappearances respond to logics and dynamics different from those that occurred under the state-driven plan designed to eliminate political opponents. The narrative that emerged from that earlier period shaped both the Inter-American and International systems’ norms outlawing, preventing and punishing the use of enforced disappearances. In the current post-transition era, the unexplained absence of someone who is especially vulnerable to unlawful police practices strikes a sensitive chord and echoes the painful past. The authors challenge human rights activists to consider ways to revise the international human rights framework to develop the legal tools to respond to these disappearances in which state agencies are involved but in a different manner than in the past.
{"title":"Disappearances in Post-Transitional Argentina: A Challenge for Human Rights Interventions","authors":"Natalia Federman, Marcela Perelman, Michelle Comas, Gastón Chillier","doi":"10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267226.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to evaluate and share the knowledge gained on disappearances in Argentina from the period of State Terrorism to the democratic context. The widespread enforced disappearances that took place under State Terrorism, and the cases of police brutality and disappearances that have occurred since the democratic transition, have prompted the authors to consider the contrasts and the continuities from the dictatorship (1976-1983) to the present period of democratic rule. Disappearances continue to occur in which the state is involved in some way, but these do not meet the strict legal definition of enforced disappearances. They are the result of the lack of extensive institutional reforms and the continuity of bureaucratic designs since the dictatorship ended. By analysing the cases of disappearances of Luciano Arruga in 2009 and Santiago Maldonado in 2017, the chapter demonstrates that contemporary disappearances respond to logics and dynamics different from those that occurred under the state-driven plan designed to eliminate political opponents. The narrative that emerged from that earlier period shaped both the Inter-American and International systems’ norms outlawing, preventing and punishing the use of enforced disappearances. In the current post-transition era, the unexplained absence of someone who is especially vulnerable to unlawful police practices strikes a sensitive chord and echoes the painful past. The authors challenge human rights activists to consider ways to revise the international human rights framework to develop the legal tools to respond to these disappearances in which state agencies are involved but in a different manner than in the past.","PeriodicalId":423029,"journal":{"name":"Disappearances in the Post-Transition Era in Latin America","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124611719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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