褒与贬:考察中国农村教育援助的媒体报道

B. Zhang
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摘要

改革开放以来,中国农村面临着市场经济的巨大冲击。伴随城乡经济发展严重差距而来的是欠发达农村教育资源的极度匮乏。然而,在以往的学术讨论中,农村助学的媒体表征却被忽视了。在媒介社会中,媒体如何表现这一长期存在的缓解农村教育问题的发展措施,对于公众如何理解和想象农村及其发展至关重要。运用批判性话语分析和主题分析对收集到的主流媒体内容(2019-2021年)进行分析,考察中国农村教育援助是如何呈现的。研究结果表明,农村教育援助的媒介表征话语构成了国家发展意识形态。在主流媒体的表述中,对国家发展政策的鼓吹掩盖了援助实践。通过建立城乡二元对立,揭示了城乡之间巨大的发展不公平。然而,它也强化了对中国农村的刻板印象,从而证明了现状的合理性。此外,不同社会行动者的媒介表现也揭示了发展中不平等的权力关系。虽然农村社区没有发言权和被剥夺代理,但企业家获得了发言权和值得赞扬的媒体代表。这种代表性是有问题的,它有进一步边缘化农村社区的风险。
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THE PRAISED AND THE OBSCURED: EXAMINING THE MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF RURAL EDUCATION AID IN CHINA
: Chinese rural are facing a huge impact from the market economy since the Reform and Opening Up. Accompanied by the severe gap in urban and rural economic development is the extreme lack of educational resources in underdeveloped rural China. With the introduction of Xi Jinping’s “Rural Revitalization Strategy”, rural education development issues attract continuous media and academic attention. Yet, the media representation of rural education aid (zhi jiao) has been rather neglected from the previous academic discussions. In the mediated society, how media represents this long-standing development measure to alleviate rural education problems is crucial to how the public understands and imagines the rural and its development. Critical discourse analysis and thematic analysis are applied to collected mainstream media content (2019-2021) to investigate how rural education aid is represented in China. Findings suggest that the media representation of rural education aid discursively constitutes the state development ideology. Advocating state policy of development overshadows aid practice in mainstream media representation. Furthermore, by setting up the binary between the rural and the urban, it reveals the huge development injustice between the rural and the urban. Yet it also reinforces the stereotype of rural China, thus justifies the status quo. Moreover, the media representation of different social actors reveals the unequal power relations in development. While the rural community is voiceless and denied agency, the entrepreneurs are given voice and commendable media representation. Such representation is problematic, and it has the risk of further marginalize the rural community.
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