Efficient architecture design for the AES-128 algorithm on embedded systems

Many applications make use of the edge devices in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), including video surveillance, traffic monitoring and enforcement, personal and health care, gaming, habitat monitoring, and industrial process control. However, these edge devices are resource-limited embedded systems that require a low-cost, low-power, and high-performance encryption/decryption solution to prevent attacks such as eavesdropping, message modification, and impersonation. This paper proposes a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based design and implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm for encryption and decryption using a parallel-pipeline architecture with a data forwarding mechanism that efficiently utilizes on-chip memory modules and massive parallel processing units to support a high throughput rate. Hardware designs that optimize the implementation of the AES algorithm are proposed to minimize resource allocation and maximize throughput. These designs are shown to outperform existing solutions in the literature. Additionally, a rapid prototype of a complete system-on-chip (SoC) solution that employs the proposed design on a configurable platform has been developed and proven to be suitable for real-time applications.