基因沉默RNAi技术:在植物中的应用

Ç. Kaya, T. Sarıyer
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引用次数: 0

摘要

确保国家和全球范围内的可持续粮食生产,取决于确定能够在全球气候变化和其他不利限制生长和发展的因素可能产生的各种压力因素的影响下生存的植物物种和品种,并取决于对现有物种的保护和发展。开发能够抵抗全球气候变化导致的非生物胁迫因子的植物新品种具有重要意义。在这一点上,近年来在植物育种中广泛需要现代生物技术方法。其中一项技术是RNAi技术。RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)的机制定义为转录后基因沉默或基因表达调控,导致mRNA链降解,而mRNA链是双链RNA (dsRNA)进入细胞的补体。当双链RNA被称为Dicer的RNase III酶切割成小的抑制性RNA (siRNA)时,RNA干扰就开始了。然后这些sirna结合到rna诱导沉默复合物(RISC)上,这是一种多蛋白- rna核酸酶复合物。RISC利用sirna寻找互补的mRNA,并通过核内溶性切割靶mRNA。特异性mRNA的减少导致可用蛋白的减少。转录后基因沉默、RNA干扰和其他形式的RNA沉默已经被观察到,特别是在植物中。近年来,RNAi研究在全球范围内处于领先地位,研究表明植物中的非编码rna在组织分化发育、信号传递、与植物激素的相互作用、非生物(干旱、盐度等)以及生物胁迫等环境因素中发挥着控制作用。本文就RNAi的基本原理及其在植物中的应用作一综述。
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Gene Silencing RNAi Technology: Uses in Plants
Ensuring sustainable food production in national and global area depends on the determination of plant species and varieties that can survive under the influence of various stress factors that may occur due to global climate changes and other factors that adversely limit growth and development, and depends on the protection and development of existing ones. It is important to develop new plant varieties that are resistant to abiotic stress factors that have occurred as a result of global climate changes. At this point, modern biotechnological methods have been widely needed in plant breeding in recent years. One of these techniques is RNAi technology. The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) is defined as post-transcriptional gene silencing or regulation of gene expression, resulting in the degradation of mRNA chain, which is the complement of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) entering the cell. RNA interference begins when double-stranded RNA is cut into small inhibitory RNAs (siRNA) by an RNase III enzyme called as Dicer. These siRNAs then bind to the RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC) which is a multiprotein-RNA nuclease complex. RISC uses siRNAs to find complementary mRNA and cuts the target mRNA endonucleolytically. The resulting decrease in specific mRNA leads to a decrease in available protein(s). Post transcriptional gene silencing, RNA interference and other forms of RNA silencing have been observed particularly in plants. In recent years, RNAi studies, which are among the leading topics in the global area, have shown that non-coding RNAs in plants play a role in the control of tissue differentiation and development, signal transmission, interaction with phytohormones, abiotic (drought, salinity, etc.) and environmental factors such as biotic stress. In this review paper, the basics of RNAi mechanism and the usage of RNAi in plants are explained.
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