TICA: A 0.3V, Variation-Resilient 64-Stage Deeply-Pipelined Bitcoin Mining Core with Timing Slack Inference and Clock Frequency Adaption

Energy-efficient bitcoin mining cores have gained significant attention since the energy cost for computing dominates the mining expenses [1]. Ultra-low-voltage (ULV) digital circuits have emerged as an attractive approach to improve the energy-efficiency. However, they demand a large timing margin for the worst-case process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, undermining a significant portion of energy savings. Recent works, including multi-phase latch pipeline [1], tunable replica circuits [2]–[3], in-situ error detection and correction (EDAC) [4]–[6], and dynamic timing enhancement [7], can reduce the pessimistic margin. However, it is not straightforward to adopt those techniques in mining cores due to their deeply-pipelined architecture (up to 128 stages [1]). For example, to adopt EDAC, the deep pipeline requires inserting many bulky error detectors as it has many critical paths. Our experiment with a 0.3V 28-nm mining core shows >18.9% registers need to be replaced with error detectors, considering 6σ local process variation only. Also, multiple stages can have timing errors simultaneously, making an error correction process (e.g., clock gating [5], VDD boosting [6]) complex and costly.