Effects of Turn-Taking Dynamics Without Contingency: A Visual Interaction Experiment

This study aimed to realize the natural interactions of humans and machines by experimentally investigating the effects of turn-taking dynamics during visual interactions between two persons. During the experiment, we provided an environment in which only two circles moved horizontally across a monitor screen. One circle was operated by a participant, while the other was operated by another participant or computer. Results confirmed that participants could not clearly recognize computer actions when the computer used turn-taking dynamics to exchange leaders and followers. This was true even when these dynamics had no contingency with the movements of participants.