The role of probiotics and prebiotics in the proper functioning of gut microbiota and the treatment of diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which, if appropriately administered, can beneficially affect human health. Probiotics are used for the prevention and the treatment of many diseases. Beneficial effects of probiotics result from the fact that their presence in the large intestine demonstrates protective properties, whereas their low amount can increase susceptibility to various infections and diseases. Prebiotics are food ingredients that are not digested by endogenous enzymes and selectively pass intact into the large intestine (colon). In this area, they are decomposed by enzymes of beneficial bacteria selectively stimulating the growth and activity of these microbes and having a beneficial effect on human health. Their basic function, which is multiplying beneficial bacteria in the intestine, is associated with the formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), i.e. butyric, ace-tic, and propionic acids, fermentation products that occur in the large intestine. The production of such acids results in the decreased intestinal pH level that maintains the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Using probiotics is recommended due to the fact that they favour the development of normal gut microbiota, which, as a con-sequence, prevents intestinal diseases and improves the health of the entire organism. Furthermore, probiotics have also been used for therapeutic purposes and, in the case of various disorders, as a factor supporting and stimulating intestinal regeneration during the recovery period.