Teacher strategies that foster students’ boundary-crossing expertise when addressing problems with wicked tendencies

Professionals are increasingly involved in attempts to understand and address problems with wicked tendencies, which require crossing boundaries between disciplines, organisa- tions and stakeholder perspectives. This multiple-case study investigated six higher professional education courses in order to develop better understanding of how teachers fos- ter the development of students’ boundary-crossing expertise through enhancing relevant learning processes in courses focussing on wicked-problem-solving in interdisci- plinary and multi-stakeholder contexts. We viewed students’ relevant learning processes as learning mechanisms that foster boundary awareness (identification and reflection) and boundary work (coordination and transformation) and considered teachers to be enablers of such learning pro- cesses. Data came from semi-structured interviews with teachers, students and stakeholders, observations and document study. We identified nine interrelated enabling strategies teachers used. To foster students’ observation of wickedness through boundary awareness, they encouraged mutual acquaintance, open exploration, opportunities for learning, and multi-perspectivity. To foster students’ action through boundary work, they encouraged initial contact, joint action and multifaceted perspectives on value creation. To foster the interplay between boundary awareness and work, they encouraged successive refinement and structure while embracing wickedness. Balancing the tension that students experience at boundaries when navigating complexity, uncertainty and value divergence was identified as an important element of these enabling strategies. (Teacher). The dilemmas were then discussed in class: ‘They experience a lot when walking around in the neighbour-hood. 100%. I can see it happen, very nice . . . having an opinion on the matter, you know. . . on the mess on the street, or neighbours complaining about loiterers’ (Teacher). Students showed awareness of the need to explore different perspectives: ‘You’ve got to gather information from lots of different people, not just residents, also professionals. Just to obtain a somewhat clear picture’ (Student). Another described how and back on got we we we more we can take initiative and propose things’. The teacher how the process-oriented approach, with and without better insight into and This enabled him to cater for students’ learning needs during the process, such as by co-creating a template for their midterm report (deliverable), restoring some clarity.