Techniques in scaffold fabrication process for tissue engineering applications: A review

Tissue engineering is a highly complex process with goals to replace, restore, and regenerate tissues. Tissue engineering combines multidisciplinary fields such as biochemistry, clinical medicine, biological science, and materials science. It has application in personalized drugs, organ transplantation, and as a drug transporter. The scaffold fabrication process for tissue engineering depends on numerous factors such as biodegradability, mechanical possessions, scaffold architecture, and manufacturing process. The scaffold properties based on its biological aspects, structural requirements, material composition, conventional and advanced fabrication technologies, and extrusion-based scaffold fabrication techniques are analyzed and discussed in the current review. Further studies for the development of bio-scaffolds will provide a broader roadway into a new dimension of various tissue engineering techniques and provide greater advancement in medical and clinical research.