推进低能量可用性的生物文化复杂性知识:混合方法的价值

Katherine L. Schofield, Holly Thorpe, Stacy T. Sims
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摘要

低能量可用性(LEA)是一种复杂的健康状况,最常影响女运动员。对环境评价的研究偏重于定量方法,很少有研究采用定性方法来了解环境评价的发展。目前的研究主要是在孤立的研究范式中进行的,未能理解LEA的复杂性。本文旨在展示综合研究方法的价值,以了解运动文化对LEA女运动员生理体验的影响。混合方法方法使用了从三项运动中的优秀女运动员获得的生理(定量)和社会心理(定性)数据:铁人三项和跑步(n = 11),七人橄榄球(n = 9)和场地自行车(n = 10)。生理数据包括能量可用性、血液学分析、骨骼健康和身体成分。社会心理学数据包括个人半结构化访谈,主题包括营养、身体形象、运动环境的影响以及LEA的经验。对访谈数据进行主题分析。通过将定性和定量数据结合在一起,本文说明了运动文化与LEA生理之间的复杂关系。首先,被归类为LEA的耐力运动员显示出相对能量摄入(EI)与血清铁蛋白之间的正相关,访谈揭示了低体重和降低EI的重点。其次,对橄榄球运动员的访谈显示出一种强烈但等级森严的团队文化,经验丰富的球员监督和控制着新手球员的EI。第三,在自行车运动员中,那些被归类为LEA的人的EI降低了,访谈揭示了教练-运动员权力关系影响饮食行为。综上所述,本文论证了混合方法对于捕捉不同运动文化如何影响运动员LEA的社会心理和生理体验的重要性。
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Advancing Knowledge of the Bio-Cultural Complexities of Low Energy Availability: The Value of Mixed-Methods Approaches
Low energy availability (LEA) is a complex health condition that most commonly affects female athletes. Research on LEA is weighted to quantitative approaches, and few studies have employed qualitative methods to understand the development of LEA. Current research fails to understand the complexity of LEA by largely operating within isolated research paradigms. This paper aims to demonstrate the value of integrating a mixed-methods research approach to understand the influence of sporting cultures on the physiological experiences of female athletes with LEA. The mixed-methods approach implemented the use of physiological (quantitative) and socio-psychological (qualitative) data obtained from elite female athletes in three sports: triathlons and running, (n = 11), rugby sevens (n = 9), and track cycling (n = 10). The physiological data consisted of energy availability, haematological analysis, bone health, and body composition. The socio-psychological data consisted of individual semi-structured interviews with topics covering nutrition, body image, the impact of the sporting environment, and experience with LEA. The interview data were thematically analysed. By bringing qualitative and quantitative data together, this paper illustrates the complex relationship between sporting culture and the physiology of LEA. First, endurance athletes categorised as having an LEA showed a positive correlation between the relative energy intake (EI) and serum ferritin, with the interviews revealing a focus on a low body weight and reducing the EI. Second, the interviews with the rugby players showed a strong but hierarchical team culture, with the experienced players monitoring and controlling the EI of novice players. Third, among the cyclists, the EI was reduced in those categorised as having an LEA, with the interviews revealing a coach–athlete power relationship impacting dietary behaviours. To conclude, this paper demonstrates how mixed methods are important for capturing how different sporting cultures impact athletes’ socio-psychological and physiological experiences of LEA.
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