Potential Secretory Transporters and Biosynthetic Precursors of Biological Nitrification Inhibitor 1,9-Decanediol in Rice as Revealed by Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses

Biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) are released from plant roots and inhibit the nitrification activity of microorganisms in soils, reducing NO₃^‒ leaching and N₂O emissions, and increasing nitrogen- use efficiency (NUE). Several recent studies have focused on the identification of new BNIs, yet little is known about the genetic loci that govern their biosynthesis and secretion. We applied a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis to investigate possible biosynthetic pathways and transporters involved in the biosynthesis and release of BNI 1,9-decanediol (1,9-D), which was previously identified in rice root exudates. Our results linked four fatty acids, icosapentaenoic acid, linoleate, norlinolenic acid, and polyhydroxy-α,ω-divarboxylic acid, with 1,9-D biosynthesis and three transporter families, namely the ATP-binding cassette protein family, the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family, and the major facilitator superfamily, with 1,9-D release from roots into the soil medium. Our finding provided candidates for further work on the genes implicated in the biosynthesis and secretion of 1,9-D and pinpoint genetic loci for crop breeding to improve NUE by enhancing 1,9-D secretion, with the potential to reduce NO₃^‒ leaching and N₂O emissions from agricultural soils.