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Higher Grain-Filling Rate in Inferior Spikelets of Tolerant Rice Genotype Offset Grain Yield Loss under Post-Anthesis High Night Temperatures 耐寒水稻基因型下位小穗的较高籽粒充实率抵消了开花后高夜温条件下的籽粒产量损失

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.003

Nitin Sharma , Bhupinder Singh , Subbaiyan Gopala Krishnan , Haritha Bollinedi , Pranab Kumar Mandal , Milan Kumar Lal , Prakash Kumar Jha , P.V.Vara Prasad , Anjali Anand

Increased nighttime respiratory losses decrease the amount of photoassimilates available for plant growth and yield. We hypothesized that the increased respiratory carbon loss under high night temperatures (HNT) could be compensated for by increased photosynthesis during the day following HNT exposure. Two rice genotypes, Vandana (HNT-sensitive) and Nagina 22 (HNT-tolerant), were exposed to HNT (4 °C above the control) from flowering to physiological maturity. They were assessed for alterations in the carbon balance of the source (flag leaf) and its subsequent impact on grain filling dynamics and the quality of spatially differentiated sinks (superior and inferior spikelets). Both genotypes exhibited significantly higher night respiration rates. However, only Nagina 22 compensated for the high respiration rates with an increased photosynthetic rate, resulting in a steady production of total dry matter under HNT. Nagina 22 also recorded a higher grain-filling rate, particularly at 5 and 10 d after flowering, with 1.5- and 4.0-fold increases in the translocation of ¹⁴C sugars to the superior and inferior spikelets, respectively. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to respiratory rate on a leaf area basis was negatively correlated with spikelet sterility, resulting in a higher filled spikelet number and grain weight per plant, particularly for inferior grains in Nagina 22. Grain quality parameters such as head rice recovery, high-density grains, and gelatinization temperature were maintained in Nagina 22. An increase in the rheological properties of rice flour starch in Nagina 22 under HNT indicated the stability of starch and its ability to reorganize during the cooling process of product formation. Thus, our study showed that sink adjustments between superior and inferior spikelets favored the growth of inferior spikelets, which helped to offset the reduction in grain weight under HNT in the tolerant genotype Nagina 22.

夜间呼吸损失的增加会降低植物生长和产量所需的光同化物的数量。我们假设，在夜间高温（HNT）条件下，呼吸碳损失的增加可以通过白天光合作用的增加来补偿。两种水稻基因型 Vandana（对 HNT 敏感）和 Nagina 22（对 HNT 耐受）从开花期到生理成熟期都暴露在 HNT（比对照温度高 4 °C）下。对它们进行了评估，以确定源（旗叶）碳平衡的变化及其随后对谷粒灌浆动态和空间上有差异的汇（上穗和下穗）质量的影响。两种基因型的夜间呼吸速率都明显较高。然而，只有 Nagina 22 通过提高光合速率来补偿高呼吸速率，从而在 HNT 条件下保持稳定的总干物质产量。Nagina 22 的籽粒充实率也较高，特别是在花后 5 d 和 10 d，14C 糖分向上部和下部小穗的转移分别增加了 1.5 倍和 4.0 倍。按叶面积计算的光合速率与呼吸速率之比与小穗不育率呈负相关，从而导致每株的灌浆穗数和粒重增加，尤其是长稻 22 的劣质穗。纳吉纳 22 的谷粒质量参数，如头米回收率、高密度谷粒和糊化温度都保持不变。在 HNT 条件下，Nagina 22 中米粉淀粉流变特性的增加表明淀粉的稳定性及其在产品形成的冷却过程中重组的能力。因此，我们的研究表明，上等穗和下等穗之间的穗沉调整有利于下等穗的生长，这有助于抵消耐逆基因型 Nagina 22 在 HNT 条件下的粒重减少。

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引用次数: 0

Improving Semi-Dried Brown Rice Noodle Quality via Mixed Fermentation of Lactobacillus and Yeast 通过乳酸菌和酵母的混合发酵提高半干糙米面的质量

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.005

引用次数: 0

RISE Method Based on Rare Allele Infusion and Sanger Sequencing Estimation: A Simple, Cheap, and Efficient Method for Detecting Transgene Copy Number in Rice 基于稀有等位基因注入和 Sanger 测序估算的 RISE 方法：一种检测水稻转基因拷贝数的简单、廉价而高效的方法

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.05.001

引用次数: 0

Rice Cultivation under Film Mulching Can Improve Soil Environment and Be Beneficial for Rice Production in China 薄膜覆盖栽培水稻可改善土壤环境，有利于中国水稻生产

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.009

Youliang Zhang, Kaican Zhu, Yongqi Tang, Shaoyuan Feng

Rice cultivation under film mulching is an integrated management technology that can conserve water, increase soil temperature, improve yield, and enhance water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Despite these advantages, the system does have its drawbacks, such as soil organic matter reduction and microplastic pollution, which impede the widespread adoption of film mulching cultivation in China. Nonetheless, the advent of degradable film, controlled-release fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and film mulching machinery is promoting the development of rice film mulching cultivation. This review outlines the impact of rice cultivation under film mulching on soil moisture, soil temperature, soil fertility, greenhouse gas emissions, weed control, and disease and pest management. It also elucidates the mechanism of changes in rice growth, yield and quality, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency. This paper incorporates a review of published research articles and discusses some uncertainties and shortcomings associated with rice cultivation under film mulching. Consequently, prospective research directions for the technology of rice film mulching cultivation are outlined, and recommendations for future research into rice cultivation under film mulching are proposed.

地膜覆盖水稻栽培是一项综合管理技术，可以节水、提高土壤温度、提高产量、提高水和氮的利用效率。尽管有这些优点，但该系统也有其缺点，如土壤有机质减少和微塑料污染，这阻碍了地膜覆盖栽培在中国的广泛应用。不过，可降解薄膜、控释肥、有机肥和覆膜机械的出现正在推动水稻覆膜栽培的发展。本综述概述了水稻覆膜栽培对土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤肥力、温室气体排放、杂草控制和病虫害防治的影响。它还阐明了水稻生长、产量和质量、水利用效率和氮利用效率的变化机理。本文对已发表的研究文章进行了综述，并讨论了与薄膜覆盖水稻栽培相关的一些不确定性和不足之处。因此，本文概述了水稻膜下地膜覆盖栽培技术的前瞻性研究方向，并提出了未来膜下地膜覆盖水稻栽培研究的建议。

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引用次数: 0

Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Analysis of Pollinated Pistils Reveals Genes Influencing Spikelet Fertility in Rice 对授粉雌蕊的大块分离RNA-Seq分析揭示了影响水稻小穗生育力的基因

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.001

Kanokwan Kaewmungkun , Keasinee Tongmark , Sriprapai Chakhonkaen , Numphet Sangarwut , Theerachai Thanananta , Amorntip Muangprom

Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_5:6 generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses (Nipponbare × KDML105) with low (LS) and high seed-setting rates (HS), in which normal pollen fertility was observed. However, LS plants showed a reduced number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma and fewer pollen tubes reaching the ovules at 4‒5 h post-pollination, compared with HS plants. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis of pollinated pistils from the HS and LS groups revealed 249 and 473 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the HS and LS- specific DEGs indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Several of these DEGs exhibited co-expression with pollen development genes and formed extensive clusters of co-expression networks. Compared with LS pistils, enzyme genes controlling pectin degradation, such as OsPME35 and OsPLL9, showed similar expression patterns, with higher levels in HS pistils pre-pollination. Os02g0467600, similar to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene (CYP73), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, displayed higher expression in HS pistils post-pollination. Our findings suggest that OsPME35, OsPLL9, and Os02g0467600 contribute to prezygotic isolation by potentially modifying the stigma cell wall (OsPME35 and OsPLL9) and controlling later processes such as pollen-stigma adhesion (Os02g0467600) genes. Furthermore, several DEGs specific to HS and LS were co-localized with QTLs and functional genes associated with spikelet fertility. These findings provide valuable insights for further research on rice spikelet fertility, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding rice varieties.

祖先隔离对水稻成功受精非常重要，会显著影响产量。本研究的重点是由低结实率（LS）和高结实率（HS）的亚种间杂交（Nipponbare × KDML105）产生的 F5:6 代植株。然而，与 HS 植物相比，LS 植物在授粉后 4-5 小时粘附在柱头上的花粉粒数量减少，到达胚珠的花粉管数量也减少。对HS组和LS组授粉雌蕊的大量分离RNA-Seq分析分别发现了249个和473个差异表达基因（DEGs）。京都基因和基因组百科全书》对 HS 和 LS 特异性 DEGs 的分析表明，这些 DEGs 在代谢途径、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化以及类黄酮的生物合成方面具有丰富的表达。其中一些 DEGs 与花粉发育基因共表达，并形成了广泛的共表达网络群。与LS雌蕊相比，OsPME35和OsPLL9等控制果胶降解的酶基因表现出相似的表达模式，在HS雌蕊授粉前的表达水平更高。Os02g0467600 与肉桂酸 4-羟化酶基因（CYP73）类似，参与黄酮类化合物的生物合成，在 HS 授粉后雌蕊中的表达量较高。我们的研究结果表明，OsPME35、OsPLL9和Os02g0467600可能通过改变柱头细胞壁（OsPME35和OsPLL9）和控制后期过程（如花粉-柱头粘附（Os02g0467600）基因）来促进祖先分离。此外，一些特异于 HS 和 LS 的 DEGs 与小穗生育力相关的 QTL 和功能基因共定位。这些发现为进一步研究水稻小穗生育力提供了有价值的见解，最终有助于培育高产水稻品种。

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引用次数: 0

Biochar Decreases Soil Cadmium (Cd) Availability and Regulates Expression Levels of Cd Uptake/Transport-Related Genes to Reduce Cd Translocation in Rice 生物炭降低土壤中镉的供应量并调节镉吸收/转运相关基因的表达水平，从而减少水稻中镉的转运

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.004

引用次数: 0

Next Generation Nutrition: Genomic and Molecular Breeding Innovations for Iron and Zinc Biofortification in Rice 下一代营养：水稻铁锌生物强化的基因组与分子育种创新

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.008

Global efforts to address malnutrition and hidden hunger, particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, have intensified, with a focus on enhancing the nutritional content of staple crops like rice. Despite serving as a staple for over half of the world’s population, rice falls short in meeting daily nutritional requirements, especially for iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Genetic resources, such as wild rice species and specific rice varieties, offer promising avenues for enhancing Fe and Zn content. Additionally, molecular breeding approaches have identified key genes and loci associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains. This review explores the genetic resources and molecular mechanisms underlying Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains. The functional genomics involved in Fe uptake, transport, and distribution in rice plants have revealed key genes such as OsFRO1, OsIRT1, and OsNAS3. Similarly, genes associated with Zn uptake and translocation, including OsZIP11 and OsNRAMP1, have been identified. Transgenic approaches, leveraging transporter gene families and genome editing technologies, offer promising avenues for enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice grains. Moreover, strategies for reducing phytic acid (PA) content, a known inhibitor of mineral bioavailability, have been explored, including the identification of low-PA mutants and natural variants. The integration of genomic information, including whole-genome resequencing and pan-genome analyses, provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of micronutrient traits and facilitates targeted breeding efforts. Functional genomics studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying Fe uptake and translocation in rice. Furthermore, transgenic and genome editing techniques have shown promise in enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice grains through the manipulation of key transporter genes. Overall, the integration of multi-omics approaches holds significant promise for addressing global malnutrition and hidden hunger by enhancing the nutritional quality of rice, thereby contributing to improved food and nutritional security worldwide.

全球正在加紧努力解决营养不良和隐性饥饿问题，尤其是中低收入国家普遍存在的问题，重点是提高大米等主食作物的营养成分。尽管大米是世界上一半以上人口的主食，但仍无法满足日常营养需求，尤其是铁（Fe）和锌（Zn）的需求。野生稻种和特定水稻品种等遗传资源为提高铁和锌的含量提供了前景广阔的途径。此外，分子育种方法已经确定了与水稻谷粒中铁和锌积累相关的关键基因和位点。本综述探讨了水稻籽粒中铁和锌积累的遗传资源和分子机制。参与水稻植株铁吸收、转运和分布的功能基因组学发现了一些关键基因，如 OsFRO1、OsIRT1 和 OsNAS3。同样，与锌的吸收和转运有关的基因，包括 OsZIP11 和 OsNRAMP1，也已被发现。利用转运体基因家族和基因组编辑技术的转基因方法，为提高水稻籽粒中铁和锌的含量提供了前景广阔的途径。此外，还探索了降低植酸（PA）含量的策略，包括鉴定低植酸突变体和天然变体，植酸是已知的矿物质生物利用率抑制剂。基因组信息的整合，包括全基因组重测序和泛基因组分析，为了解微量营养素性状的遗传基础提供了宝贵的见解，并促进了有针对性的育种工作。功能基因组学研究阐明了水稻铁吸收和转运的分子机制。此外，转基因和基因组编辑技术已显示出通过操纵关键转运体基因提高水稻籽粒中铁和锌含量的前景。总之，多组学方法的整合有望通过提高水稻的营养质量来解决全球营养不良和隐性饥饿问题，从而为改善全球粮食和营养安全做出贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Estimating Key Phenological Dates of Multiple Rice Accessions Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Plant Height Dynamics for Breeding 利用基于无人机的植株高度动态估算多个水稻品种的关键物候期，促进育种工作

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.007

Efficient and high-quality estimation of key phenological dates in rice is of great significance in breeding work. Plant height (PH) dynamics are valuable for estimating phenological dates. However, research on estimating the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions based on PH dynamics has been limited. In 2022, field traits were collected using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based images across 435 plots, including 364 rice varieties. PH, dates of initial heading (IH) and full heading (FH), and panicle initiation (PI), and growth period after transplanting (GPAT) were collected during the rice growth stage. PHs were extracted using a digital surface model (DSM) and fitted using Fourier and logistic models. Machine learning algorithms, including multiple linear regression, random forest (RF), support vector regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and elastic net regression, were employed to estimate phenological dates. Results indicated that the optimal percentile of the DSM for extracting rice PH was the 95th (R² = 0.934, RMSE = 0.056 m). The Fourier model provided a better fit for PH dynamics compared with the logistic models. Additionally, curve features (CF) and GPAT were significantly associated with PI, IH, and FH. The combination of CF and GPAT outperformed the use of CF alone, with RF demonstrating the best performance among the algorithms. Specifically, the combination of CF extracted from the logistic models, GPAT, and RF yielded the best performance for estimating PI (R² = 0.834, RMSE = 4.344 d), IH (R² = 0.877, RMSE = 2.721 d), and FH (R² = 0.883, RMSE = 2.694 d). Overall, UAV-based rice PH dynamics combined with machine learning effectively estimated the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions, providing a novel approach for investigating key phenological dates in breeding work.

高效和高质量地估算水稻的关键物候期对育种工作意义重大。植株高度（PH）动态对估计物候期很有价值。然而，基于 PH 动态估计水稻多个品种关键物候期的研究还很有限。2022 年，利用基于无人机（UAV）的图像收集了 435 个地块（包括 364 个水稻品种）的田间性状。在水稻生长阶段收集了PH值、初穗期（IH）和全穗期（FH）、圆锥花序始穗期（PI）以及移栽后生长期（GPAT）。使用数字表面模型（DSM）提取 PHs，并使用傅立叶模型和逻辑模型进行拟合。采用机器学习算法，包括多元线性回归、随机森林（RF）、支持向量回归、最小绝对收缩和选择算子以及弹性网回归，来估计物候期。结果表明，提取水稻 PH 值的最佳 DSM 百分位数是第 95 位（R2 = 0.934，RMSE = 0.056 m）。与逻辑模型相比，傅立叶模型能更好地拟合 PH 动态。此外，曲线特征（CF）和 GPAT 与 PI、IH 和 FH 显著相关。CF和GPAT的组合优于单独使用CF，而RF在各种算法中表现最佳。具体而言，从逻辑模型中提取的 CF、GPAT 和 RF 组合在估计 PI（R2 = 0.834，RMSE = 4.344 d）、IH（R2 = 0.877，RMSE = 2.721 d）和 FH（R2 = 0.883，RMSE = 2.694 d）方面表现最佳。总之，基于无人机的水稻 PH 动态分析与机器学习相结合，有效地估计了多个水稻品种的关键物候期，为育种工作中关键物候期的研究提供了一种新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Development of Machine Vision-Based Algorithm for Counting and Discriminating Filled and Unfilled Paddy Rice in Overlapping Mode 开发一种基于机器视觉的算法，用于在重叠模式下计数和区分饱满和不饱满的稻穗

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.001

引用次数: 0

Advances in Understanding Cadmium Stress and Breeding of Cadmium-Tolerant Crops 认识镉胁迫和培育耐镉作物的进展

IF 5.6 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Rice Science

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.006

Liang Liang, Wang Chenchang, Chen Tao

Cadmium (Cd) pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, due to its significant toxicity, environmental persistence, and the pervasiveness of contamination. Significantly, the bioaccumulation of Cd in agricultural crops constitutes a primary vector for its entry into the human diet. This issue warrants urgent attention from both the scientific community and policymakers to develop and implement effective mitigation strategies. This review delves into the physiological impacts of Cd stress on plants, including the suppression of photosynthetic activity, amplification of oxidative stress, and disruptions in mineral nutrient homeostasis. Additionally, the resistance mechanisms deployed by plants in response to Cd stress have been explored, and the prospective contributions of molecular breeding strategies in augmenting crop tolerance to Cd and minimizing its bioaccumulation have been assessed. By integrating and analyzing these findings, we seek to inform future research trajectories and proffer strategic approaches to enhance agricultural sustainability, safeguard human health, and protect environmental integrity.

镉（Cd）污染已成为全球环境关注的一个重要问题，这是因为镉具有剧毒性、环境持久性和污染的普遍性。值得注意的是，镉在农作物中的生物累积是其进入人类饮食的主要媒介。这一问题亟需科学界和政策制定者的关注，以制定和实施有效的缓解策略。本综述深入探讨了镉胁迫对植物生理的影响，包括抑制光合作用、放大氧化应激和破坏矿物质营养平衡。此外，还探讨了植物应对镉胁迫的抗性机制，并评估了分子育种策略在增强作物对镉的耐受性和最大限度地减少镉的生物累积方面的潜在贡献。通过整合和分析这些发现，我们试图为未来的研究轨迹提供信息，并提出战略方法，以提高农业可持续性、保障人类健康和保护环境完整性。

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