Transformation of the Russian Higher Education System

The Russian higher education system has undergone significant transformation over the past century, with major changes occurring in the pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet eras. In recent years, the system has been shaped by the introduction of the Bologna Process, changes in the structure of degrees, and the emergence of private universities. State funding and student financial assistance have played a critical role in financing higher education, as has the financing of research. Quality assurance measures have been implemented through accreditation of institutions, quality assessment of programs, and ranking of universities. The internationalization of higher education has been promoted through mobility of students and faculty, internationalization of curricula, and collaboration with international partners. Despite progress, the system faces challenges related to demographic changes, brain drain, and the need to develop a knowledge economy. Understanding these dynamics is important for policymakers, researchers, and students seeking to engage with the Russian higher education system.