Ten thousand years of magma storage preceding the last caldera-forming eruption of the Bandelier magmatic system, New Mexico, USA

Abstract In this study, we present new evidence for changes in magma storage conditions that preceded the 1232 ka caldera-forming eruption of the Bandelier magmatic system in the Jemez Mountains Volcanic Field. Using high precision 40Ar/39Ar sanidine dating we determine that at least eight rhyolites erupted within 8.6 ± 3.4 kyr of the ~400 km3 eruption that formed Valles caldera. Some of those rhyolites contain fayalite with or without biotite, others contain only biotite. An eruption of fayalite-bearing rhyolite at 1240.5 ± 2.1 ka ended an eruption hiatus of at least 100 kyr. Following that first post-hiatus episode of volcanism, at least four more eruptions of fayalite-bearing rhyolite and three eruptions of biotite-bearing rhyolite occurred prior to the caldera-forming eruption. We use phase equilibrium experiments and geothermobarometry to infer the storage conditions and processes that led to these differing crystal cargos and ultimately generated ~400 km3 of predominantly fayalite rhyolite ignimbrite (Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff). We find that biotite-bearing rhyolites were stored at 695–750°C, 75–160 MPa, and at an oxygen fugacity more oxidizing than the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) buffer reaction. Fayalite-bearing rhyolites were similarly stored at 695–745°C and 70–190 MPa, but at more reducing conditions (${f}_{O_2}$≤ QFM). We suggest that the reduced, fayalite-bearing rhyolite was most likely produced via interaction of crystal-poor rhyolitic magma with a reducing, potentially Cl-bearing, and H2O-rich supercritical fluid phase. This fluid flux event was a key component of the substantial magmatic rejuvenation that enabled the mobilization of ~400 km3 of mostly fayalite-bearing rhyolite prior to not only the Tshirege event, but the older Otowi event as well.