建立一个双峰景观:基岩岩性和床层厚度对美国新墨西哥州最后机会峡谷形态的控制

IF 2.8 2区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Earth Surface Dynamics Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI:10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023
Sam Anderson, Nicole Gasparini, Joel Johnson
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要我们研究了美国新墨西哥州瓜达卢佩山脉最后机会峡谷的岩石性质和通道形态随岩石类型的变化。岩石由水平至近水平互层的碳酸盐岩和砂岩组成。本研究的重点是一阶和二阶河道段,在这些河道段,上游的河道陡度指数(ksn)较低,下游的河道陡度指数(ksn)较高。我们假设床层厚度和岩石强度的差异影响ksn值,既通过局部影响基岩整体强度,也通过非局部产生粗沉积物。我们收集了不连续强度数据(每单位面积的层理面和裂缝长度)、施密特锤回弹测量数据,并在每12.2米高程轮廓处测量了最大的巨石,以验证这一假设。基岩和巨石的矿物学是用实验室碳酸盐溶解法测定的。通过无人机和地面摄影测量生成高分辨率正形图和数字表面模型(dsm)。正形图用于绘制基岩裸露的河道剖面。采用美国地质调查局(USGS) 10 m数字高程模型(dem)测量河道坡度和山坡坡度。研究发现,砂岩基岩的不连续强度与施密特锤回弹值呈负相关。当河段主要穿过层状较厚的碳酸盐基岩时,河道的陡度往往较高,而当露出层状较薄的砂岩时,河道的陡度往往较低。基岩的性质也间接影响河道形态,通过邻近山坡的粗泥沙输入。斜坡上厚层状岩层的侵蚀为相邻河道贡献了较大的崩积沉积物,这些河段具有较高的ksn值。更大、更强的碳酸盐沉积物对碳酸盐和更易侵蚀的砂岩都起到了保护作用,并减少了岩石类型之间的陡峭度差异。我们认为,在相对陡峭、高海拔的ksn下游河道段,坡度主要受粗冲积盖层控制。我们进一步假设,上游低水平的ksn河段有一个基准面,该基准面被陡峭的下游河段固定,从而形成一个稳定的配置,其中河道坡度已根据岩性差异和/或沉积物装甲进行调整。
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Building a bimodal landscape: bedrock lithology and bed thickness controls on the morphology of Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Abstract. We explore how rock properties and channel morphology vary with rock type in Last Chance Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA. The rocks here are composed of horizontally to near-horizontally interbedded carbonate and sandstone. This study focuses on first- and second-order channel sections, where the streams have a lower channel steepness index (ksn) upstream and transition to higher ksn values downstream. We hypothesize that differences in bed thickness and rock strength influence ksn values, both locally by influencing bulk bedrock strength and also nonlocally through the production of coarse sediment. We collected discontinuity intensity data (the length of bedding planes and fractures per unit area), Schmidt hammer rebound measurements, and measured the largest boulder at every 12.2 m elevation contour to test this hypothesis. Bedrock and boulder mineralogy were determined using a lab-based carbonate dissolution method. High-resolution orthomosaics and digital surface models (DSMs) were generated from drone and ground-based photogrammetry. The orthomosaics were used to map channel sections with exposed bedrock. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) 10 m digital elevation models (DEMs) were used to measure channel slope and hillslope relief. We find that discontinuity intensity is negatively correlated with Schmidt hammer rebound values in sandstone bedrock. Channel steepness tends to be higher where reaches are primarily incising through more thickly bedded carbonate bedrock and lower where more thinly bedded sandstone is exposed. Bedrock properties also influence channel morphology indirectly, through coarse sediment input from adjacent hillslopes. Thickly bedded rock layers on hillslopes erode to contribute larger colluvial sediment to adjacent channels, and these reaches have higher ksn values. Larger and more competent carbonate sediment armors both the carbonate and the more erodible sandstone and reduces steepness contrasts across rock types. We interpret that in the relatively steep, high-level ksn downstream channel sections, the slope is primarily controlled by the coarse alluvial cover. We further posit that the upstream low-level ksn reaches have a base level that is fixed by the steep downstream reaches, resulting in a stable configuration, where channel slopes have adjusted to lithologic differences and/or sediment armor.
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来源期刊
Earth Surface Dynamics
Earth Surface Dynamics GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICALGEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCI-GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
CiteScore
5.40
自引率
5.90%
发文量
56
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf) is an international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and discussion of high-quality research on the physical, chemical, and biological processes shaping Earth''s surface and their interactions on all scales.
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