Unique architecture in conditions of conflicting objectives and subjective factors (stadium case studies) (Moscow)

Unique buildings reflect a social demand for innovative urban space organization, new perspectives of human activities, and growing need for a safe and favorable environment. Architectural design of unique buildings, especially at early stages, is complicated by uncertainty of functional tasks, absence of regulatory requirements, and necessity for significant modifications during the process. The design experience of stadiums for 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia shows the development of a productive creative idea. The development of this typology is identified by a comprehensive analysis of the architectural heritage and scientific literature. Requirements of international sports organizations for spatial and planning solutions of sports arenas are summarized herein, which form the basis of the Russian construction standardization. Recommendations are provided for the architectural concept preservation.