Advancements in Adsorption Techniques for Sustainable Water Purification: A Focus on Lead Removal

The long-term sustainability of the global water supply, with a paramount emphasis on cleanliness and safety, stands as a formidable challenge in our modern era. In response to this pressing issue, adsorption techniques have emerged as pivotal and widely recognized solutions for the removal of hazardous pollutants, with a particular emphasis on lead adsorption from wastewater. This comprehensive review explores the relentless advancements made in the adsorption domain, highlighting innovations using separation and purification techniques that surpass traditional metal oxide-based adsorbents. Of particular note is the growing exploration of alternative materials, such as starch, chitosan, nanoscale structures like zeolites and metal-organic frameworks, magnetic materials, and carbon-based substances for the development of inorganic adsorbents. These materials, with their remarkable capacity for nanoscale structural adjustment, possess extraordinary capabilities for effective contaminant removal, facilitating swift water purification. The literature survey for this review was conducted using the Google Scholar engine, with “adsorbents for lead remediation” as the starting keywords, resulting in approximately 6000 papers. The search was refined to focus on the last three years and specifically targeted review papers which are most relevant to lead remediation. More than 100 papers were analysed to investigate various techniques, surface modifications, and adsorbent materials for managing inorganic pollutants in water. This review also illuminates research limitations, with a specific focus on starch-based adsorbents in lead remediation. As we progress towards practical commercial applications, this review identifies challenges associated with the development of inorganic adsorbents and provides invaluable insights into future prospects. Surface modification emerges as a promising path, with the potential to substantially enhance adsorption capacity, potentially doubling or even quadrupling it. Moreover, the adsorbents demonstrate impressive regenerative capabilities, maintaining up to 90% regeneration efficiency after multiple cycles. In conclusion, starch-based adsorbents show considerable potential as effective agents for lead purification from aquatic environments. Nevertheless, the need for further research persists, emphasizing the optimization of the adsorption process and exploring the long-term stability of starch-based adsorbents in real-world scenarios.