miRNAs involvement in the etiology and targeted therapy of bladder cancer: Interaction between signaling pathway

Abstract Bladder cancer (BC) accounts for roughly 3% of all cancer diagnoses in developed countries. The prognosis could be improved significantly if the cancer is detected and classified as either muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) or non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) as promptly as possible. A potential ray of hope for the treatment of BC has emerged with the rapid development of nanomedicine and microRNAs (miRNAs), which promise to have fewer adverse effects, more tumor‐inhibitory effects, and decreased drug resistance. The complex interplay between hereditary and environmental variables is the root cause of this malignancy. Gene expression can be regulated by miRNAs, which are small, non‐coding RNAs that can either prevent the translation of protein‐coding genes or cleave RNA transcripts at certain locations. Elevated genomics has enabled a more extensive investigation of miRNAs whose expression is considerably different in BC patients compared to healthy volunteers or between BC tumor tissues and peripheral tissues. miRNAs have recently been discovered to be important regulators of BC cell carcinogenicity. Inaccurate diagnoses and prolonged treatment delays are more likely to occur due to the current diagnostic process such as lack of sensitivity and specificity and poor image quality. Patients now have access to a plethora of treatment options, including but not limited to surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and other innovative medicines, and in some cases, combination therapies. BC is one of the deadliest and most disabling malignancies affecting the urinary tract. Cancer of the urinary bladder has a terrible propensity for being fatal. BC is an intricate illness whose development can be affected by multiple parameters. Standard treatments for BC increase prognosis and survival, although recurrence is a major concern for patients. miRNAs are naturally occurring, small RNA molecules that have been linked to cancer through their expression being dysregulated. miRNAs modulate many cellular activities including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. MiRNA dysregulation is recognized in BC, and miRNAs are used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. However, this manuscript discusses the recent progress made in nanomedicine and the function of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of BC.