Histological Analysis on Decalcified Specimens in Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Using a Periosteal Distraction Device

Periosteal distraction is promising for augmenting new bone. This study aimed to develop a protocol for achieving stable bone augmentation. We applied mandibular alveolar ridge augmentation in beagles to test a trial distraction device. Premolars and molars were extracted bilaterally, and adjacent buccal cortical bone (3–4-mm thick) was removed to mimic atrophy. A 0.9-mm-diameter titanium screw was placed under the periosteum for later use to induce distraction. After healing (16 weeks), a titanium periosteal distraction device was applied on both sides in three beagles (six sides), and the periosteum was distracted laterally (0.5 mm/day for 6 days). One beagle was a control (two sides). No infection or displacement of the device was observed. All beagles were euthanized 10 weeks after distraction. Specimens were harvested and the mandibles were sectioned in half side was decalcified with formic acid and hematoxylin-eosin stained. Histological examination showed dense bone formation with a lamellar structure, with a bone width increase of 0.79 ± 0.11 mm compared with the control specimens. Bone formation can be induced by a periosteal distraction device, suggesting potential clinical utility.